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近年来 ,尽管奶牛的个体产奶量有所提高 ,但乳脂率很难提高 ,且有下降的趋势。影响乳脂率高低的因素除遗传 (品种、个体 )外 ,还与外界因素 (饲料、饲养管理、生理阶段、气候等 )有关。由于奶业发展过程中尚未形成统一的“按质论价”的收购标准 ,故一些奶牛场 (户 )只注重产奶量的提高而忽视了奶质量。他们多沿袭传统的饲喂方式 ,先精后粗秸秆类自由采食 ,以大量精料、多汁料 (如糟渣类 )催奶 ,以图提高产奶量而取得短期的效益。但随着现代奶业的发展以及人们生活水平的提高 ,奶的质量尤其是乳成分中脂肪的高低受到普遍的关注 ,从而使得鲜奶… 相似文献
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近年来,我国奶牛业个体产奶量在不断提高,但同时乳脂率的下降引起人们的普遍关注,乳脂率的高低直接影响乳产品的质量,现有奶牛的乳脂率难以达到育种指标3.5%,长期在2.8%-3.5%之间徘徊。造成乳脂率低的原因主要有以下几个方面:其一,各地在选种选配时,只注重产奶量的选择,忽视乳脂率及乳蛋白的选择,注重产奶数量,忽视奶的质量,结果造成牛奶稀薄乏味、浓香味消失,干物质减少。其二,全国各地鲜奶收购没有实行统一的“按质论价,优质优价”原则,各乳品厂(尤其是小型个体乳品厂)牛奶质量(乳脂率、乳蛋白和干物质)检测手段落后,很多乳品厂仍然以奶量… 相似文献
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乳脂是乳品中重要的营养成分 ,是确定乳品质量的主要指标。在目前我国奶牛生产中存在重视产奶量而忽视乳脂率的现象 ,造成牛奶乳脂率明显下降 ,严重影响了乳产品质量。乳汁中乳脂率的高低受多种因素的影响 ,如品种、个体、泌乳期、胎次、环境及饲养管理等。目前生产中乳脂率低的主要原因 :一是缺乏青绿多汁饲料 ,粗饲料品质差 ,营养低 ,缺乏青贮饲料 ;二是干物质采食少 ,能量供应不足 ,奶牛体瘦造成产奶量 ,乳脂率下降 ;三是管理不当。1 选择乳脂率高的品种和个体奶牛品种不同 ,其产奶量和奶的组成不同。一般奶牛乳脂率与产奶量呈负相关 ,… 相似文献
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高峰 《畜牧兽医科技信息》2013,(6)
近年来,我国奶牛个体产奶量不断提高,但乳脂率下降的问题引起人们的普遍关注.乳脂率的高低直接影响乳产品的质量.
1 造成乳脂率低的原因
(1)各地在选种选配时,只注重产奶量的选择,忽视乳脂率及乳蛋白的选择;(2)某些专业户、奶牛场的饲养管理仍然延用传统方法,普遍存在用大量精料催奶而忽视青绿、粗饲料供给的问题.青贮玉米喂量很少,黄贮玉米秸秆品质低,粗纤维采食量很少,抑制了奶牛的生产潜力,造成奶牛疾病增多,寿命缩短,乳脂率下降. 相似文献
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1 添加脂肪酸钙奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙300g/d·头，观察其对奶牛产奶量、奶品质及血液生化成分的影响。结果表明，脂肪酸钙可使奶牛产奶量提高19.29％，乳脂率提高13.16％；奶中悬脂、亚油酸、亚麻酸、钙分别增加18.20％、25.55％、29.6％、17.25％，奶中其他成分干物质，胆固醇、磷略有增加，乳蛋白率降低3.57％；血液生化成分除胆固醇增加外，其它成分变化不大。表明脂肪酸钙既能提高奶牛产奶量，又可提高牛奶营养质量。(高士争等，1998)2 膨润土在奶牛饲料中添加2％膨润土，饲喂90d，奶牛产奶量提高23.41％，乳脂率提高12.7％(张凡，199… 相似文献
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1.前言乳脂率是衡量奶牛生产性能的重要指标之一。由于乳脂率同产奶量呈负相关,同乳蛋白率、乳糖率和无脂固形物(SNF)间均为正相关,因此,在注重提高产奶量的同时,还应注意对乳脂率的选择,使乳品质亦得到改善。由于现在收购牛奶按质论价,因此若乳脂率过低,对奶牛饲养者和乳品加工部门均不利。按照我省地方标准,鲜奶的乳脂率 相似文献
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奶牛日早中晚产奶量乳脂量和挤奶过程前中后期奶脂肪含量测定○北京市西郊农场奶牛公司（１０００９４）张振山刘秀华我国奶牛场大部分实行日早、中、晚三次挤奶的饲养模式，由于间隔时间不均衡，早、中、晚的产奶量、乳脂含量和乳脂产量存在一定差异。在正常情况下，牛奶... 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献