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1.
《饲料工业》2017,(5):42-47
试验以长白山地区6、7、8月及9月月初的紫穗槐作为试验样品,选取3头体况良好且相近、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的延边黄牛为试验动物,通过对延边黄牛瘤胃体外发酵指标——pH值、氨态氮(NH_3-N)含量、总产气量、总甲烷产量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量的检测,探讨不同月份紫穗槐作为可直接饲喂的新型饲料资源对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量的影响。结果表明:4个月份的紫穗槐在体外发酵过程中pH值均在正常范围内变化,且随着发酵时间的椎移呈下降趋势。发酵72 h后,7月紫穗槐体外瘤胃液中NH_3-N浓度、总产气量及产甲烷量显著低于8、9月份且显著高于6月份(P<0.05);6、7月紫穗槐组的乙酸、丙酸摩尔比显著高于8、9月紫穗槐组(P<0.05)。鉴于紫穗槐的收割时期对牧草收割量及对延边黄牛适口性的影响,综上所述,紫穗槐在7月收割时可使其发挥较高的利用价值,相比于其他月份可适当提高VFA浓度、丙酸浓度以及NH_3-N浓度,优化瘤胃发酵环境,并有效降低甲烷的排放,同时减少能量损失,进而增加饲料的利用率。 相似文献
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《饲料研究》2016,(2)
试验首先研究山野豌豆不同生长时期的营养成分含量及干物质产量,接着利用体外发酵试验来研究其对瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷产量的影响。分别于2014年6月、7月、8月和9月初在长白山地区采集山野豌豆,烘干后测其产量与各营养成分含量;选用3头生长状况相似,体质量均在450 kg左右的延边黄牛,采集瘤胃液进行体外发酵试验。结果表明:山野豌豆蛋白质产量在8月份达到最大,与相对饲用价值(RFV)曲线相交于8月初,此时植株干物质蛋白含量在18.37%以上;与6月和9月份收获的山野豌豆相比,7月和8月收获的山野豌豆显著提高体外发酵培养液的p H(P0.05),降低NH_3-N含量(P0.05),减少总产气量和甲烷产量(P0.05),降低各挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度(P0.05)。综上所述,山野豌豆是极具饲用价值的含单宁牧草,且在8月初利用价值最高,能够优化瘤胃体外发酵过程,降低甲烷的排放量。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧兽医》2020,(5)
本试验以精料、青干草和单宁酸作为发酵底物,研究添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率的影响,以期为体内试验筛选适宜的单宁酸浓度,为富含单宁的粗饲料资源应用于反刍动物日粮配制及减少反刍动物养殖过程种甲烷排放提供科学依据。采用体外批次培养法开展研究,发酵底物为精料、青干草和单宁酸,设置底物的精粗比为3∶7。根据单宁酸添加量分为6组,单宁酸添加量分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、3.0%,发酵时间设置为3、6、12和24 h,每个处理3个重复,测定各培养时间pH、氨氮(NH_3-N)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度、总产气量、甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率。结果显示,培养至3 h时,1.0%和2.0%单宁酸添加组pH显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他时间点各组pH无显著差异(P0.05);1.0%、2.0%和3.0%单宁酸添加组NH_3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05);培养至6和24 h时,各处理组NH_3-N浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。培养至6 h时,2.0%单宁酸添加组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05);培养至24 h时,1.0%、1.5%和3.0%单宁酸添加组的丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05);各单宁酸添加组4个时间点丙酸、丁酸、总VFA浓度的平均值均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。培养至12、24 h时,各处理组总产气量与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);培养至12 h时,2.0%组甲烷产量显著低于对照组、0.5%组和1.0%组(P0.05);培养至24 h时,2.0%和3.0%组的甲烷产量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。因此,添加单宁酸会显著降低体外发酵的NH_3-N浓度,抑制VFA的产量,添加1.5%、2.0%的单宁酸能够显著降低瘤胃发酵甲烷产量,添加单宁酸的处理组粗蛋白质降解率显著低于对照组。 相似文献
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甲烷排放是全球变暖和气候变化的主要影响因素之一,而瘤胃微生物发酵会排放大量甲烷,因此减少反刍动物排放甲烷已引起广泛关注。本试验旨在采用人工瘤胃体外发酵技术,研究在精粗比为65∶35的条件下,添加不同浓度(0、0.05%、0.10%、0.20%)的单宁酸、对羟基苯甲酸、鞣花酸、丁香酸及芦丁对瘤胃体外发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响。结果表明,与空白对照相比,在体外条件下,添加0.05%及以上的单宁显著降低NH_3-N水平(P0.05),添加0.20%的单宁显著降低发酵终点pH(P0.05),并显著提高48h累积产气量和乙丙比(P0.05)。添加0.10%及以上浓度的对羟基苯甲酸可显著降低NH_3-N和乙酸浓度并提高累积产气量(P0.05);除乙酸外,对挥发性脂肪酸的产生无显著影响(P0.05)。添加鞣花酸后显著降低CH4产生和乙丙比(P0.05);当添加水平达到0.10%后TVFA(总挥发性脂肪酸)显著下降(P0.05),达到0.20%后pH和NH_3-N显著下降(P0.05)。添加丁香酸后NH_3-N和累积产气量显著下降(P0.05);当添加水平达到0.10%后,CH_4和TVFA显著增加(P0.05)。添加芦丁显著降低NH_3-N并增加TVFA(P0.05),当添加水平达到0.10%时,乙丙比显著下降(P0.05);达到0.20%时pH下降而累积产气量显著增加(P0.05)。由此可见,添加一定水平的酚酸和芦丁能降低NH_3-N浓度,增加产气量;丁香酸和芦丁可增加TVFA水平,而鞣花酸降低TVFA水平;仅鞣花酸能抑制甲烷产生,而丁香酸促进甲烷的产生。 相似文献
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《动物营养学报》2020,(8)
本试验采用体外产气法研究饲粮中蒸汽压片玉米替代比例对牦牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响。体外培养底物精粗比为7∶3,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,设置11个组,蒸汽压片玉米替代精料中玉米的比例分别为0(对照组)、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%,每组3个重复。发酵48 h后,测定总产气量、甲烷产量及培养液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量。结果表明:1)随着精料中蒸汽压片玉米替代比例的增加,24和48 h总产气量、产气速率、干物质降解率(DMD)均有上升趋势,100%蒸汽压片玉米组显著高于对照组(P0.05);100%蒸汽压片玉米组瘤胃培养液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、丙酸含量显著升高(P0.05),培养液乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸(A/P)、NH_3-N含量显著降低(P0.05),对pH无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着蒸汽压片玉米替代比例的增加,甲烷产量均有下降趋势,100%蒸汽压片玉米组甲烷产量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,蒸汽压片玉米100%替代精料中玉米可显著降低甲烷产量,提高瘤胃液TVFA含量,降低A/P,具有较好的瘤胃发酵效果。 相似文献
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本试验旨在利用长期人工瘤胃系统——Rusitec系统研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响。采用2×2两因子试验设计,2个因子分别为饲粮精粗比[30∶70(低精料饲粮)和70∶30(高精料饲粮)]和是否添加壳聚糖(0和1 500 mg/罐),共构成4组,每组4个重复。结果表明:与低精料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著降低了甲烷产量,中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白质的降解率,发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了总产气量和丙酸含量(P<0.05);添加壳聚糖显著降低了甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质的降解率、发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P<0.05);在甲烷产量和总产气量,粗蛋白质的降解率,0、6 h发酵液氨氮浓度,0、12 h发酵液乙酸/丙酸上,2个因子存在互作(P<0.05),高精料饲粮中添加壳聚糖对甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质降解率、发酵液氨氮浓度的降低幅度大于低精料饲粮,对总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸的降低幅度小于低精料饲粮。以上结果表明,改变饲粮的精粗比和添加壳聚糖均能够改变瘤胃发酵模式,且二者之间存在互作,壳聚糖在精粗比为70∶30的饲粮中添加效果优于精粗比为30∶70的饲粮。 相似文献
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试验旨在研究低水平缩合单宁对以豆粕和苜蓿为底物的体外发酵特性的影响,以期筛选出缩合单宁的最佳添加水平,为缩合单宁作为反刍动物功能性添加剂提供科学依据。试验选用平均体重（405.1±22.9）kg的4头延边黄牛提供瘤胃液,以豆粕和苜蓿干草为底物,分别添加不同水平（0、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%）缩合单宁。采用体外培养法,测定延边黄牛瘤胃体外发酵指标。结果表明：豆粕0.9%缩合单宁添加组（以下简称豆粕0.9%组）pH显著低于豆粕对照组（P<0.05）;豆粕0.9%组和豆粕0.6%组总产气量显著低于豆粕对照组和豆粕0.3%组（P<0.05）,苜蓿0.9%组和苜蓿0.6%组总产气量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;各苜蓿缩合单宁添加组微生物蛋白（microbial protein,MCP）含量显著低于苜蓿对照组（P<0.05）;豆粕0.9%组和苜蓿0.9%组总挥发性脂肪酸（total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）含量和乙酸含量均显著低于各自对照组（P<0.05）。综上所述,豆粕0.9%组、苜蓿0.9%组显著降低了总产气量,对瘤胃膨胀病的预防有... 相似文献
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试验以延边地区野生牧草为原料,研究不同来源和不同相对分子质量的缩合单宁对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。结果表明,其中添加缩合单宁各组的pH高于对照组;所有添加缩合单宁的处理组的总产气量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),甲烷产量除3h外的其他发酵阶段均显著低于对照组(P0.05);氨态氮与细菌蛋白在培养过程中含量均低于对照组,并且随着培养时间的延长,差异逐渐减小;总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸产量最低的组为L1组。添加的缩合单宁相对分子质量越大,对瘤胃参数的影响越显著。 相似文献
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本文旨在利用体外产气法评定西藏地区不同牧草营养价值。选取西藏地区5种常见牧草,通过单因素试验设计,利用体外产气法评定5种牧草体外发酵48 h累积产气量、理论最大产气量(V_f)、初始产气速率(FRD_0)、达到最大产气量一半时所需时间(t_(0.5))、体外干物质消失率(IVDMD)、体外中性洗涤纤维消失率(IVNDFD)、p H、氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度以及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量。结果表明,体外发酵48 h后,苇状羊茅体外48 h累积产气量、V_f、FRD_0、IVDMD及甲烷(CH_4)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA产量均显著高于其他4种牧草(P0.05),但其体外发酵p H及乙酸/丙酸显著低于其他4种牧草(P0.05);紫花苜蓿体外NH_3-N浓度最高,显著高于其他4种牧草(P0.05)。综上分析,苇状羊茅体外发酵效果最佳,与其他试验牧草相比,更容易被瘤胃微生物降解利用。 相似文献
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本试验旨在利用体外产气法评价缓释尿素替代山羊饲粮中苜蓿蛋白的可行性,为开发利用缓释尿素作为反刍动物蛋白质饲料提供基础数据。以4只肉羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,应用ANKOM RFS产气测量系统进行体外产气,体外发酵底物分别为含48%苜蓿不含缓释尿素的饲粮(对照组)、含24%苜蓿和0.5%缓释尿素的饲粮(试验1组)、不含苜蓿含1.0%缓释尿素的饲粮(试验2组),持续发酵72 h后终止发酵,测定指标包括产气量、发酵参数、纤维素酶活性、体外干物质降解率、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和甲烷产量。结果显示:1)试验1组和试验2组的24 h累积产气量(GP 24)、48 h累积产气量(GP 48)、72 h累积产气量(GP 72)、慢速降解部分产气量(b)、潜在产气量(a+b)、可消化有机物含量、代谢能均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验1组的快速降解部分产气量(a)显著低于对照组、试验2组(P<0.05)。试验1组、试验2组、对照组的产气速率(c)数值依次降低,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。2)对照组、试验2组、试验1组pH依次降低且互相之间差异显著(P<0.05),但数值差异极小;试验1组的氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组和试验2组(P<0.05);3组的微生物蛋白浓度、纤维素酶活性、体外干物质降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)试验1组和试验2组的丙酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组、试验1组、试验2组的乙酸/丙酸依次降低且互相之间差异显著(P<0.05);3组的总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丁酸浓度与甲烷产量差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,在体外发酵条件下,适宜水平的缓释尿素可替代苜蓿蛋白,有利于瘤胃体外发酵。在本试验条件下,以0.5%的缓释尿素替代50%的苜蓿蛋白(饲粮中苜蓿占比由48%降至24%)为宜。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
19.
乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
20.
Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献