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1.
ZHANGYu-hong YUTao WANGYang 《林业研究》2003,14(3):202-204
Betulin, which is a medicinal pentacyclic triterpene, is abundant in the bark of white birch (Betula platyphlly). The bark of birch was collected at Tayuan Forest Farm of Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province in September 2000. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that is a new separation technology has been used for the processing pharmaceutical and natural products. In this paper, the extraction of betulin from the bark of birch by supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The authors investigated and analyzed a few parameters such as modifier dosage, extraction pressure and extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions showed that the modifier dosage used for per gram bark powder was 1.5 mL, the extraction pressure was at 20 Mpa, and the extraction temperature was at 55 ℃. The velocity of flow of liquid CO2 was at 10 kg/h. The pressure and temperature in separation vessel were at 5.5 Mpa and 50 ℃, respectively. 相似文献
2.
白桦树皮中桦木醇超临界二氧化碳萃取的研究(英文) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
桦木醇,一种药用五环三萜成分,大量存在于白桦(Betulaplatyphlly)树皮中。白桦树皮于2000年9月采集自黑龙江省塔源林场。超临界流体萃取技术(SFE)是一种新型分离技术,广泛用于药物和天然产物生产。本文研究了利用超临界CO2萃取技术从白桦皮中提取桦木醇的工艺条件,系统分析了携带剂用量、萃取压力和萃取温度等参数对桦木醇提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳的萃取条件为:每克桦树皮粉所用携带剂用量为1.5mL,萃取压力为20Mpa,萃取温度为55C,CO2流量为10kg/h,分离压力和分离温度分别为5.5Mpa和50C。图4参6。 相似文献
3.
Eric Heinze Steffen BochMarkus Fischer Dominik HessenmöllerBernd Klenk Jörg MüllerDaniel Prati Ernst-Detlef SchulzeCarolin Seele Stephanie SocherStefan Halle 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(2):288-296
Estimating large herbivore density has been a major area of research in recent decades. Previous studies monitoring ungulate density, however, focused mostly on determining animal abundance, and did not interpret animal distribution in relation to habitat parameters. We surveyed large ungulates in the Biodiversity Exploratory Schorfheide-Chorin using faecal pellet group counts. This allowed us to explore the link between relative ungulate abundance, habitat use, and browsing damage on trees in a region with several types of forest, including unharvested and age-class beech forests, as well as age-class pine forests. Our results demonstrate that roe deer and fallow deer relative abundance is negatively correlated with large tree cover, and positively correlated with the cover of small shrubs (Rubus spec., Vaccinium spec.), and winter food supply. Habitat use of roe deer and fallow deer, as estimated by counting faecal pellet groups, revealed a preference for mature pine forests, and avoidance of deciduous forests. This differential habitat use is explained by different distributions of high quality food resources during winter. The response of deer to understory cover differed between roe deer and fallow deer at high cover percentages. The amount of browsing damage we observed on coniferous trees was not consistent with the relative deer abundance. Browsing damage was consistently higher on most deciduous trees, except for beech saplings which sustained less damage when roe deer density was low. Because roe deer is a highly selective feeder, it was reported to affect tree diversity by feeding only on trees with high nutritional value. Consequently, we propose that managing the number of all deer species by hunting is necessary to allow successful forest regeneration. Such an adjustment to deer numbers would need to account for both current tree diversity and alternative food resources. Our findings may be applicable to other forest landscapes in northeastern Germany including mature pine stands and differently harvested deciduous forests. 相似文献
4.
白桦不同部位及种源间白桦酯醇含量的差异分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以白桦为研究材料,在白桦酯醇提取方法的选择下,采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分析了白桦不同部位和种源间白桦酯醇含量的变化。结果表明:索氏提取和超声波醇提的白桦酯醇含量较高,分别为240.25和239.57 mg/g,而回流法和氯仿浸提的白桦酯醇含量稍低,为207.88和194.09 mg/g。白桦酯醇在白桦不同部位的含量分布差异显著,依次分别为:外皮>枝皮>内皮>芽>叶>根>花粉;13种8年生白桦种源树皮内白桦酯醇的含量为132.45~257.11 mg/g,且种源间差异呈极显著水平。进一步分析可得,同龄树种的生长状况对白桦酯醇的含量影响不显著;而白桦酯醇的含量不仅受自身种源及遗传背景的影响,同时也受到其所处地理位置和气候因素的影响,即属于基因与环境互作的表现性状。 相似文献
5.
Gonzalo Vázquez Jorge Santos M. Sonia Freire Gervasio Antorrena Julia González-álvarez 《Wood Science and Technology》2012,46(1-3):443-457
The extraction of phenolic compounds from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark was examined with the aim of analyzing the potential of the extracts as natural antioxidants. Experiments were planned according to a 23 factorial design to analyze the influence of temperature and Na2SO3 and NaOH concentrations in aqueous solutions on extraction yield, extract total phenols content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and number- and weight-average molecular weights. Extract total phenols content and FRAP antioxidant activity in the ranges 0.91–2.58?g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100?g oven-dried bark and 4.70–11.96?mmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100?g oven-dried bark, respectively, demonstrated the potential of eucalyptus bark as a source of antioxidant compounds. Extraction at the highest temperature (100°C), the lowest Na2SO3 concentration (1.5% on oven-dried bark), and without NaOH provided the highest extract total phenols content and FRAP antioxidant activity. Those eucalyptus bark extracts with lower molecular weight showed higher antioxidant activity. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed the presence of polygalloyl glucoses, catechin, epicatechin, ellagic acid, quercetin-3-o-rhamnoside, and isorhamnetin in eucalyptus bark aqueous extracts. 相似文献
6.
Yuji Tsutsumi Ayako Shimada Akiko Miyano Tomoaki Nishida Tohru Mitsunaga 《Journal of Wood Science》1998,44(6):463-468
Screening and isolation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) based on the in vitro ACE inhibitory assay were attempted. The ethanol extract from outer bark showed the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 is 16g/ml) among 24 extracts prepared from roots, leaves, heartwood, sapwood, inner bark, and outer bark by successive extraction with four solvents. The fractionation of the outer bark ethanol extract followed by the bioassay resulted in the isolation of two strong ACE inhibitors, catechin and dimeric procyanidin B3. The bioassay of three flavan-3-ols including (+)-catechin and six flavones revealed that most of these compounds have high ACE inhibitory activity. The results suggest that the phenolic hydroxyl group at the C7 position and heterocyclic oxygen atom of these compounds are important for expressing the inhibitory activity. 相似文献
7.
Zhaowen Jiang Hironori Ueda Masahiko Kitahara Hiroo Imaki 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(5):359-365
We carried out this study to clarify the relationships between the seasonal changes of bark stripping and food quality, and between bark-stripping intensity and bark nutrition with age of veitch fir (Abies veitchii) by sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the northern Mount Fuji district, from June 2000 to July 2003. We found that sika deer gnawed and ate all of the bark stripped, and a seasonal change in bark stripping occurred from December to May or June with a peak in March–April. The stripping period largely overlapped with the periods of low food availability and poor food nutrition (indicated by fecal chemical component index) of sika deer, from January to April. Both bark nutritional quality and bark-stripping intensity related to stand age and tree size of veitch fir negatively. Consequently, bark-stripping intensity related to bark nutritional quality positively. February is the worst forage period in terms of both quantity (due to deep snow) and quality (indicated by fecal chemical components). There was a time lag of 1 to 2 months in the peak of bark stripping in March–April when compared with the poor forage period in February. This time lag may suggest that sika deer need more nutritious and easily digested food from March due to increased nutrient demands that result from depleted body condition in both sexes, gestation of pregnant females, and the recovery of active metabolism. 相似文献
8.
Food habits of sika deer,Cervus nippon centralis temminck, in Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, were investigated by the fecal analysis method from September, 1990, to June,
1991. The fecal analysis showed that the percentage ofSasa nipponica Makino et Shibata in the fecal composition was approximately 50% throughout the year, indicating that it was the main food
plant. Bark and twigs were also found in the feces in all seasons, suggesting that the deer ate bark throughout the year.
Even though the amount of the bark eaten per capita was small, the high density of deer may possibly cause serious bark damage.
Barking can be one of the main causes of the mortality ofPicea jezoensis Sieb. et Zucc. var.hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder andAbies homolepis Sieb. et Zucc. in Mt. Ohdaigahara.
A part of this study was presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1994). 相似文献
9.
10.
Effect of Allelochemicals of Chinese—fir root extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction on Chinese fir 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
LINSi-zu CAOGuang-qiu DULing WANGAi-ping 《林业研究》2003,14(2):122-126
Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology of supercritical CO2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyze allelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of seed germination, The results showed that as to the available rate of allelochemicals, the pressure and temperature of extraction were the most im-portant factors, The allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by pure CO2 and ethanol mixed with CO2 have different al-lelopathic activities to seed germination, and the allelochemicals extracted by ethanol mixed with CO2 had stronger inhibitory effects on seed Qermination than that extracted by pure CO2. 相似文献
11.
Summary The hydrophobic properties of benzene-soluble extractives from the bark of Pinus radiata were studied by determining the water-solid-air contact angle and the resistance to water penetration.The material contained in the bark extract possessed wax-like and film-forming properties. It was highly hydrophobic with a contact angle with water of about 98°. Wood samples were impregnated with bark extract in order to study the ability of the hydrophobic bark extractives to prevent preferential wetting with water and the displacement of the impregnant from the hydrophilic wood surface. The wax-like material deposited from the bark extracts showed a remarkable affinity for wood as revealed by the high degree of resistance to water penetration and wetting of the treated wood even after several wetting-drying cycles which otherwise tend to break down the bonds and adhesion between a hydrophilic solid and a hydrophobic coating.Hydrophobic or film-forming additives did not improve the ability of bark extractives to protect a hydrophilic solid from water. The properties of the bark extractives as a water repellent and a water barrier could therefore be assumed to be as near perfect as possible.Nature seems to have solved the problem of producing one single, although complex, material with two properties which are extremely difficult, maybe impossible, to combine in a single synthetic material: one of high affinity for a hydrophilic solid and another of extreme water repellency and resistance to water.The in situ conditions prevailing in the bark tissue, combining bark extractives and cell walls of various anatomical structures, must therefore represent a rather unique and for this specific purpose highly efficient two-phase hydrophobic-hydrophilic solid system.The authors would like to express their appreciation to Kalley Timber Development Corporation for the close co-operation and support for our research on bark products and would also like to thank Lewis and Everitt, Poly-Resin Products Ltd., Taeuber and Corssen, Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, Scado-Archer-Daniels, Triton Chemicals and Rohm and Haas for supplying samples and information. 相似文献
12.
Ken Orihashi Yosuke Yasui Yasuo Kojima Minoru Terazawa Shigehiro Kamoda Hisatomi Kasahara Yasuo Takahashi 《Journal of Forest Research》2002,7(1):35-40
Damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a serious problem in commercial and environmental (non-harvested) forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Cafeteria tests
in forests may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of chemical deterrents against bark stripping by deer. To develop a method
for forest cafeteria tests in the continuous snow cover period, two experiments were carried out. In the experiments, logs
were produced from tree trunks, and used as carriers of chemical deterrents. Carriers were installed in forests and fed to
deer. The first experiment was to find suitable sites and installation methods for carriers. Criteria for the local suitability
and the installation methods were as follows: a) Sites where deer are active should be selected; b) Carriers should be installed
along actively used deer trails; c) Installation sites of carriers should be changed in response to deer movement; d) Carriers
should be produced from tree species that deer naturally prefer; and e) Each carrier should be partially buried in the snow.
The second experiment evaluated the feasibility of a cafeteria test method based on the results of the first experiment. The
method was used for 13 sets of the cafeteria test, in which the deterrent effectiveness of 5 chemicals (wood tar, rosin, wood
vinegar, and 2 pyroligneous liquors) was examined. We obtained results from all the sets. The chemicals tested did not deter
bark stripping by deer. Nevertheless, the method used in the present study was practical for the cafeteria tests. 相似文献
13.
黑荆树树皮原花色素生物活性的研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对黑荆树树皮中原花色素的提取及生物活性进行了研究.实验分别以水、甲醇和乙醇作为提取溶剂,对黑荆树皮中原花色素的提取进行了探讨,通过测定其总抽出物含量和原花色素粗提物得率的影响,确定了适宜的提取条件,并重点对原花色素生理活性包括抗肿瘤和抗氧化活性进行了评价.利用MTT比色法对原花色素抗肿瘤活性进行了测定,利用清除DPPH自由基能力测定了其抗氧化能力.实验结果表明,黑荆树树皮是一种富含原花色素的植物资源.提取溶剂选择性试验结果表明,乙醇作为提取溶剂,不仅可以得到较高提取率的原花色素,而且所得原花色素粗提物具有较高的生理活性.黑荆树树皮原花色素适宜提取工艺条件为:溶剂浓度 70%,提取温度 60 ℃,液料比7∶1.体外癌细胞培养的抑制作用测试结果显示,黑荆树树皮提取得到的原花色素粗产品对人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60有中效,分别对人低分化胃腺癌细胞BGC-823和人肝癌细胞BEL-7402有弱效.自由基清除能力测定结果显示黑荆树树皮中原花色素提取物有很强的抗氧化活性. 相似文献
14.
CO2 concentrations in different plant communities (larch, birch, lilac, and grassland) were measured during the growing season in the Heilongjiang Forest Botanical Garden to study diurnal variation, seasonal and annual dynamics and factors that impact CO2 concentration in different spaces. CO2 concentration in different communities in green lands had an obvious diurnal variation, chronically decreasing, and temperature influenced the lilac area and the grassland. Seasonally, CO2 was lowest in the larch green land (344.03 ± 23.03 μmol/mol) and highest in the grassland (360.13 ± 22.43 μmol/mol). The overall trend in CO2 concentration was autumn > spring > summer; temperature is the main factor controlling variation in CO2 concentrations during the growing season; the CO2 concentration at the larch, birch, lilac, and grassland types of sites was negatively correlated with land surface temperature and air temperature, and the CO2 concentration at the larch and birch sites was positively correlated with atmospheric pressure. Without any obvious annual change law, further study and observation are needed. 相似文献
15.
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease in the world, and the number of antibiotics resistant to acne-inducing bacterial strains has been increasing in the past years. Natural substances from plants are promising candidates to treat this disease. The methanol and 50 % (v/v) ethanol extracts of 29 plant species traditionally used in Sudan for treatment of a variety of diseases were tested in vitro for their potential anti-acne activity. The activities of these extracts were determined using an antibacterial assay against Propionibacterium acnes, a lipase inhibitory assay, and l,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. The results showed that methanol and 50 % ethanol extracts of Terminalia laxiflora Engl & Diels wood exhibited good antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.13 mg/ml). The 50 % ethanol extracts of Abrus precatorius L. seed, T. laxiflora Engl & Diels and methanol extract of Acacia nilotica (L.) pods showed lipase inhibitory activity more than 70 % at 500 μg/ml. The methanol extracts of A. nilotica (L.) pods showed the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 1.32 μg/ml). Total phenolic, flavonoid and total tannin contents of selected plant extracts shown anti-acne activities were investigated. Almost all selected extracts contained phenolic compound. The highest level of flavonoids (38.87 μg/mg) was detected in T. brownii bark, whereas the highest amount of tannin was detected in A. nilotica (L.) bark (88.01 %). 相似文献
16.
Naturally occurring camptothecin(CPT) is an important source of chemotherapeutic agents.The extraction from Camptotheca acuminata is still the main approach to obtain CPT compared with total synthesis.In the present study,ultrasound-assisted extractions(UAE) of CPT from C.acuminata seeds with alkaline solutions were investigated and CPT yield were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.The conditions of alkaline species and concentrations,extraction time,extraction temperature and ultrasonic power were optimized.Results show that both Na3PO4 and Na2CO3 solutions gain good extraction yields,whereas Na3PO4 solution has stronger basicity and need higher concentration than Na2CO3 solution does,thus aqueous Na2CO3 is more beneficial for the extraction.The optimal condition was ultrasonically extracted with 0.5% aqueous Na2CO3 at 50°C and ultrasonic power of 400 W for 60 min.Comparing with UAE with ethanol,the extraction with 0.5% Na2CO3 solution achieves higher yield.Moreover,aqueous Na2CO3 as a solvent has various advantages including non-toxicity,inflammable,non-corrosive and low cost,which ensure this UAE method is a superior method with high utilizing prospect. 相似文献
17.
18.
Ekaterina Shorohova Ekaterina Kapitsa Ilkka Vanha-Majamaa 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,255(10):3606-3612
The wood bulk density, bark mass and decomposition rate constants of cut stumps of the main European boreal tree species were assessed along a 40-year chronosequence of clear-felled sites with and without prescribed burning. Using the single exponential model, the annual decomposition rate constants k of above-ground stumps were calculated as 0.048, 0.052 and 0.068 year−1 for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula sp.), respectively. Bark decomposed faster than wood and bark fragmentation increased the rate of decomposition. There was a significant negative effect of burning on decomposition rate for pine wood, and for pine and spruce bark but not for spruce and birch wood or for birch bark. The decomposition of bark of all species was slower with larger diameter stumps but only slightly slower in the case of birch wood. Our results suggest (i) using different decomposition rate constants for wood and bark, (ii) taking into account fragmentation as it greatly increases the volume loss, and (iii) adjusting of k in carbon dynamics studies on burned sites. Such refinements to estimates of coarse woody debris decomposition constants could aid in identification of ecosystems and management scenarios necessary to maximize carbon storage and conserve biodiversity. Prescribed burning for restoration purposes decreases decomposition rates and consequently ensures longer persistence of stumps for maintaining biodiversity in intensively managed forests. 相似文献
19.
The impacts of elevated temperature and CO2 on young silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) saplings after 0, 25, 50 or 75% artificial defoliation were assessed by measuring plant height and dry mass of aboveground compartments and roots and various morphological and physiological variables. Defoliation either increased or decreased plant growth depending on the severity of damage and the climatic treatment. At 21 °C and 400 mg L?1 CO2, defoliated plants were not able to compensate for the lost foliage, but growth compensation and adaptation to the changed conditions were greater; growth of young defoliated silver birch saplings increased, which led to increased height and a tendency to enhance final aboveground and root biomass and leaf nitrogen and carbon content compared to the nondefoliated controls. Nevertheless, the short-term effect of the different climatic conditions did not result in a significant overgrowth of defoliated plants. A slight increase in temperature and CO2 were the most acceptable conditions for defoliated plants; however, a 4 °C increase with correspondingly higher CO2 was more stressful as shown by less growth in height and biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots. The findings from the pilot experiment are more applicable to young birch trees, but stress on young trees may be reflected in future tree growth. 相似文献