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91.
Carmen Müllenborn Ulrike Steiner Michael Ludwig Erich-Christian Oerke 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,120(2):157-166
Fusarium head blight of wheat, often associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is caused by various Fusarium species. The efficacy of fungicide sprays for the control of the disease and mycotoxins varies from being highly effective
to even increasing mycotoxin levels. The potential role of antagonistic fungi in this variability was investigated assessing
sensitivity of Fusarium species and saprophytic fungi colonizing wheat kernels to fungicides. Saprophytes were tested for their antagonistic activity
to the prevalent Fusarium species Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium poae. Fungal isolates from mature winter wheat kernels were Alternaria alternata, Arthrinium sp., Aspergillus niger, Epicoccum sp., Microdochium spp., Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma sp. In dual culture A. niger, R. oryzae and Trichoderma hamatum were more effective in reducing mycelial growth of Fusarium species than Microdochium majus; A. alternata and Epicoccum sp. were ineffective because of slow growth rates. Saprophytic fungi were sensitive to triazoles; however, prothioconazole
and tebuconazole had stronger effects on mycelial growth of Fusarium species. ED50 values also indicated significant differences in the sensitivity of Fusarium species to triazoles (range 0.1–1.7 mg l−1). Azoxystrobin and fluoxastrobin were largely ineffective in inhibiting in vitro growth of Fusarium spp.; sensitivity of the other fungi was generally lower, except for M. majus which was highly sensitive. Due to differences in fungicide sensitivity among Fusarium spp. and ear-colonizing fungi antagonistic to Fusarium spp. fungicides are likely to modify the balance within the mycoflora of wheat ears which may also affect the mycotoxin contamination
of grain. 相似文献
92.
Daub Matthias Hakl Ulrike Maressa Beira Hailu Dehne Heinz-Wilhelm Hallmann Johannes Kiewnick Sebastian Eberlein Caroline Heuer Holger Moos Jan H Paulsen Hans M Westphal Andreas Sturhan Dieter Kiewnick Sebastian Wolf Stefanie Bühlmann Andy Frey Jürg Nuaima Rasha Heuer Holger Westphal Andreas 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2014,121(4):187-189
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - 相似文献
93.
Junginger J Schwittlick U Lemensieck F Nolte I Hewicker-Trautwein M 《Veterinary research》2012,43(1):23
ABSTRACT: Intestinal immune regulation including development of oral tolerance is of great importance for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Concerning this, regulatory T cells (Tregs) occupy a pivotal role in cell-mediated immunosuppression. Dysregulation of mucosal immunology leading to an abnormal interaction with commensal bacteria is suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in men and dogs. The aim of this study was to characterise the expression of Foxp3 in the normal canine gut of 18 dogs (mean age: 6.03 years), in 16 dogs suffering from IBD (mean age: 5.05 years), and of 6 dogs with intestinal nematode infection (mean age: 0.87 years) using immunohistochemistry. In the duodenum, Tregs in healthy dogs declined from villi (median: 10.67/62 500 μm2) to crypts (median: 1.89/62 500 μm2). Tregs were further increased in the villi of middle-aged dogs (median: 18.92/62 500 μm2) in contrast to juvenile (median: 3.50/62 500 μm2) and old (median: 9.56/62 500 μm2) individuals. Compared to healthy controls, animals suffering from IBD revealed reduced numbers of Tregs in duodenal villi (median: 4.13/62 500 μm2). Dogs with intestinal nematode infection displayed increased numbers of Tregs (median: 21.06/62 500 μm2) compared to healthy animals.Age-related changes indicate a progressive establishment of oral tolerance and immunosenescence in the canine elderly. The results further suggest that a defect in Treg homeostasis may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine IBD. In contrast, increased numbers of Tregs in the duodenum may be due to nematode infection. 相似文献
94.
In search for the ecological and toxicological relevance of sediment re-mobilisation and transport during flood events 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Jan Wölz Catrina Cofalla Sebastian Hudjetz Sebastian Roger Markus Brinkmann Burkhard Schmidt Andreas Schäffer Ulrike Kammann Gottfried Lennartz Markus Hecker Holger Schüttrumpf Henner Hollert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(1):1-5
In response to increasing concerns about the potential toxicological impacts of (extreme) flood events, scientists from several
disciplines have joined to form the interdisciplinary research project named FLOODSEARCH. FLOODSEARCH is one of the recent
Pathfinder Projects supported by the German Excellence Initiative via the Exploratory Research Space at RWTH Aachen (ERS).
FLOODSEARCH aims to combine methodologies of hydraulic engineering and ecotoxicology in a new interdisciplinary approach to
assess the risks associated with the re-mobilisation of particulate bound contaminants often observed after severe flood events.
Impacts of extreme flood events and aspects of re-mobilisation of sediment-bound toxic compounds will be characterised and
evaluated in controlled experiments fusing flood simulation technologies with biological effects assessment. The overall goal
is to establish a novel and more realistic approach towards flood event testing that can be applied to a number of different
questions and species. Specifically, model aquatic species such as rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) will be exposed to particle-bound contaminants in flood-like conditions in a specifically designed annular flume that permits
monitoring of both physical/chemical and biological parameter. Ultimately, this approach will assist to further our understanding
of the potential biological risks associated with increasingly frequent extreme flood events, e.g., as a consequence of climate
change, by bridging the gap between the physical (re-)mobilisation of contaminants and resulting toxicological impacts on
aquatic organisms. Thus, it is the objective of the project to derive relationships between the hydrodynamic parameters such
as velocities and turbulences, the parameters associated to sediment transport such as sediment concentration and grain sizes
and the biological parameters. 相似文献
95.
Philipp Schleusner Carlo Lammirato Jens Tierling Ulrike Lebender Tobias Rütting 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2018,181(4):621-627
Soils can naturally be a source of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). By contrast, the largest anthropogenic source of N2O is the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on agricultural soil, but it is unclear if fertilizer‐supported N2O emission only originates from the fertilizer N directly or through additionally stimulated N2O production from native soil N. Even though native soil N also includes mineral N already in soil before fertilizer application, organic N is the principal native N pool and thereby provides for mineral N cycling and N2O emission. Here, we tested (1) the contribution of native soil N to N2O emission after mineral N fertilizer application and (2) whether it is affected by different soil organic matter (SOM) contents by conducting a laboratory 15N‐tracing experiment with agricultural soil from a long‐term field trial with two treatments. Both field treatments are fertilized with mineral N, whereas only one of the two receives liquid manure causing higher SOM content. Soil sampling was conducted in March 2016 shortly before fertilizer application in the field. The application of 15N‐labeled fertilizer more than doubled the N2O production from native N sources compared to the non‐fertilized control incubations. This primed N2O production contributed by 5–8% to the fertilizer‐induced N2O emission after one week of incubation and was similar for both field treatments regardless of liquid manure application. Therefore, further research is needed to link N2O priming to its potential production pathways and sources. While the observed effect may be important in soils, the amount of applied N fertilizer remains the largest concern being responsible for the majority of N2O emission. 相似文献
96.
The efficacy of different methods of applying cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen to ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees inside insect-proof cages was investigated: (1) spraying pollen suspended in water directly into the trees while they were in bloom (treatment A); (2) pollen transfer by honeybees (treatment B) or by bumblebees (treatment C), both of which had to pass through a dispenser loaded with cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen; (3) transfer by honeybees of pollen from cv ‘Golden Delicious‘ trees bearing compatible pollen and maintained in pots within the same cages (treatment D). Naturally pollinated cv. ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees outside the cages in the orchard served as controls. For methods A–C normal commercially available ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was used for hand pollination, and its efficacy was assessed with reference to the amount of fruit that set. The fruit-set at the time of harvesting differed significantly (Nemenyi test) with the different methods of pollination: 1.0% (±2.0) of the blossoms ripened to yield marketable apples after treatment A, 6.1% (±5.2) after treatment B, 4.9% (±4.6) after treatment C, and 20.4% (±11.5) after treatment D, while the corresponding figure for the control trees was 7.3% (±2.8) and that for hand pollination, 41,9%. The low fruit-set after an aqueous suspension of cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was sprayed on the test trees shows that this procedure did not result in adequate pollination. The density of pollen grains was determined on filter papers during spraying and was an average of 3 (±2.6, range 0.0–8.6) pollen grains/cm2. When the pollen dispensers were used, the fruit-set was lower than on the hand-pollinated control trees. Despite the success of manual pollination with exogenous cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen, pollen spraying to enhance pollination, as specified in current instructions, cannot be recommended for commercial apple growing in Germany. 相似文献
97.
Birgit Krebs Helmut Junge Andrea Ockhardt Birgit Hoding Dagmar Heubner Ulrike Erben 《Pest management science》1993,37(4):427-429
The following are extended summaries based on material presented at a meeting of the SCI Pesticides Group, held on 19-20 October 1992 at the SCI, 14/15 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PS, UK. The summaries published here are entirely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science. 相似文献
98.
The separate enantiomers of diclofop-methyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl were incubated with two soils under aerobic conditions. Rapid hydrolysis to the corresponding acids diclofop and fenoxaprop was observed. At various time intervals after soil treatment the parent compound and its free acid were extracted and the extracts were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The determination of the K:S-ratio using a chiral stationary phase revealed that no racemisation of the esters took place. However, inversion of the hydrolysis products was observed. In both soils the acids with the S-configuration showed a significantly higher inversion tendency than the acids with the R-configuration. In one soil the S-acids of both herbicides were inverted (50% inversion in 4–7 days) to yield, ultimately, a residue containing 70% R- and 30% S-enantiomer. 相似文献
99.
Ulrike Jakop Britta Hensel Gábor. Á. Czirják Monike Quirino Filip Schröter Markus Jung Martin Schulze 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2023,58(1):73-80
During insemination, bacterial contamination of the ejaculate can lead to reduced sperm quality and transmission of pathogens to the female, thus should be avoided. The semen of a variety of animal taxa possess antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacterial species through antimicrobial molecules, such as lysozyme, but their variance and the factors influencing it are unknown for most species. In this study, the antibacterial defence (bacterial killing activity (BKA) against Escherichia (E.) coli and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus as well as lysozyme concentration) was studied in seminal fluid from two consecutive ejaculates of 18 stallions. All ejaculates showed BKA against the tested bacteria, which correlated between the two consecutive ejaculates (rS = 0.526, p = .025 for E. coli and rS = 0.656, p = .003 for S. aureus) and appeared to be stable over the tested period. The lysozyme concentration (LC) showed no significant correlation between the consecutive ejaculates (rS = 0.161, p = .681). However, LC had a positive correlation to the ratio of apoptotic spermatozoa within the ejaculates (rS = 0.426, p = .019). In contrast to other livestock (e.g., boar, bull), the BKA in stallion semen did not correlate significantly with the age of the animal nor sperm quality characteristics. 相似文献
100.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate globe position, muscle relaxation and changes in ventilatory parameters after intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg rocuronium. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMAL STUDIED: Sixteen dogs of different breeds, with a body weight of 22.1 +/- 13 kg and age of 5.6 +/- 2.8 years (mean +/- SD), were anesthetized for a short ophthalmic examination requiring central position of the globe. PROCEDURES: All dogs were premedicated with 0.005 mg/kg medetomidine and 0.1 mg/kg methadone IV. Anesthesia was induced with propofol to effect and maintained with 10 mg/kg/h propofol by continuous rate infusion. Following endotracheal intubation all dogs breathed 100% oxygen via an anesthetic circle system. Neuromuscular function was assessed with an acceleromyograph (TOF-Guard, Organon Teknika NV, Turnhout, Belgium) and by stimulation of the nervus peroneus superficialis. The ventilation parameters were measured using spirometry and capnography. After baseline measurements 0.1 mg/kg rocuronium was administered IV. Minute volume (MV), tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), end expiratory carbon dioxide concentration (PE'CO(2)) and maximal depression of the response of the first twitch (T1) of train-of-four (TOF) stimulation and train-of-four ratio (TOFR) was measured. The change in the position of the globe was recorded. RESULTS: T1 decreased to 61 +/- 18% and the TOF ratio to 45 +/- 21% of baseline values. Both parameters returned to baseline after 9 min. There was no significant reduction in MV, TV and RR and no increase in PE'CO(2). The globe rotated to a central position of 45 +/- 7.7 s after administration of rocuronium and remained there for 23 +/- 10.8 min in all dogs. CONCLUSION: Rocuronium administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to dogs causes a central position of the globe but minimal impairment of ventilation parameters. 相似文献