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1.
Despite the long-term vaccination programs implemented in China, H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to persist in chicken populations, even in vaccinated flocks. We previously demonstrated that H9N2 AIV isolated from chickens in China also underwent antigenic drift and evolved into distinct antigenic groups (C, D and E). To understand whether antigenic drift of viruses away from the vaccine strain partially contributed to the circulation of H9N2 AIV in China, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a commercial vaccine against different antigenic groups of H9N2 AIV. Challenge experiments using vaccinated chickens indicated that the vaccine prevented shedding of antigenic group C viruses, but not those of the more recent groups D and E. Vaccinated chickens, even those with vaccine-induced HI titers of 1:1024, shed virus after being infected with A/chicken/Shandong/ZB/2007, a representative virus of antigenic group D. Genetic analysis showed that the representative viruses of antigenic groups D and E possessed greater numbers of amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin protein compared to the vaccine strain and the antigenic group C virus, and many of which were located in antigenic sites. Our results indicated that the persistence of H9N2 AIV in China might be due to incomplete vaccine protection, and that the avian influenza vaccine should be regularly evaluated and updated to maintain optimal protection. Furthermore, the avian influenza vaccination policy also needs to be re-assessed, and increased veterinary biosecurity on farms, rather than vaccine application alone, should be implemented to prevent and control avian influenza. 相似文献
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为了解H6N6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的生物学特性,本研究对2015年在广东活禽交易市场分离的一株鸭源AIV DK/GD/S1182/2015(H6N6)进行了全基因组测序、遗传演化分析和对BALB/c小鼠的感染性试验。序列分析显示,该病毒的HA蛋白裂解位点处仅有一个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性AIV的分子特征;HA蛋白的222V和228S,可以增强病毒对α-2,6唾液酸受体的结合能力。NA蛋白颈部有11个氨基酸的缺失,这将会影响NA的神经氨酸酶活性;该病毒可能是2010年广东H6N6猪流感病毒与2014年广西AIV重组产生。小鼠感染性试验表明,该分离株不需要预先适应就能够在小鼠的肺脏内高效复制,提示该分离株具有感染哺乳动物的潜在风险。本研究对H6亚型AIV监测和相关生物学特性研究具有一定的指导作用。 相似文献
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以禽流感病毒地方株A/chicken/Mudanjiang/ 0 82 3/ 2 0 0 0 (H9N2 )的总RNA为模板 ,用通用反转录引物和自行设计的一对特异性引物 ,采用RT PCR方法扩增了HA基因。测序及序列分析结果表明 :HA基因全长 1 70 7bp ,编码 560个氨基酸残基 ,与GenBank收录的H9N2亚型的核苷酸同源性最高达 99% ,最低为 87 2 3 % ;氨基酸同源性最大达 98 0 4 % ,最低为 88 57%。经HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列分析表明 ,CMJ/ 0 0毒株为低致病力毒株 相似文献
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在2019年1月-2019年6月对云南出现呼吸道疫病的57个鸡场进行H9亚型禽流感检测的基础上,选取石林和楚雄2个H9亚型禽流感阳性样品进行病毒分离。从分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,采用特异性引物经反转录PCR分别扩增HA和NA基因,PCR产物纯化后进行测序。序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,云南2株H9N2毒株HA基因核苷酸序列同源性为94.2%,NA基因核苷酸序列同源性为93.6%,系统进化分析表明云南H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因均属于欧亚谱系中的类ADKHKY28097分支（Y280-like）,ACKYN12019和ACKYN72019 HA基因之间的同源性为94.3%,与参考毒株ACKJX2448的同源性最高,为95.6%~98.5%,与中国流行的H9N2代表株和疫苗株同源性较低。HA蛋白333-340位裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GLF,具有低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征,受体结合位点均发生E198T和Q234L的突变,具有人样受体结合特征,在29、141、298、305、313、492位氨基酸有6个糖基化位点。ACKYN12019和ACKYN72019 NA基因同源性为93.6%,与Y280-like代表毒株的同源性分别为97.1%~97.5%和93.7%~94.6%,NA蛋白缺失63、64、65位氨基酸,在44、69、86、146、200、234位氨基酸处存在6个潜在的糖基化位点,NA蛋白红细胞结合（HB）位点分析发现,368-369、399-403、432位氨基酸处存在变异。研究结果显示,H9N2亚型禽流感病毒一直处于不断的变异之中,故应加强其监测与防控。 相似文献
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一株绿鹭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解野生水禽绿鹭(Butorides striata)中分离到的1株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(A/striated heron/Yunnan/2018)的生物学特性;对其进行全基因组序列扩增、测序、进化分析;序列分析显示:该分离株HA、NA基因位于Y280-like分支、PB2、M基因位于G1-like分支、PA、PB1、NP、NS基因位于F98-like分支,分别与H9、H7、H10等多种亚型的AIV同源性较高,该分离株不同基因片段来源较复杂。HA裂解位点氨基酸序列为333PSRSSR↓GL340,符合低致病性禽流感病毒(LPAIV)氨基酸序列特征;S145N突变增加了一个糖基化位点,提示该位点出现可能会使毒株致病性提高,免疫原性发生改变;HA受体结合位点发生Q234L突变,表现出人流感病毒受体结合特性;NA基因出现第63—65位氨基酸缺失,M1发生N30D,T215A突变,M2发生S31N的突变,PB2、PB1、NS、NP、PA关键位点未发生变化,分析结果提示当前分离株已出现耐药性、致病性增强的变化。本研究表明该分离株呈现遗传演化的多样性及基因重组的复杂性,因此加强对野生水禽类禽流感病毒的监测和研究具有重要的公共卫生意义。 相似文献
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Continuously emergence of human infection with avian influenza A virus poses persistent threat to human health, as illustrated in H5N1, H7N9 and recent surge of H9N2 infections. Long‐term prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza A virus in China and adjacent regions favours the interspecies transmissions from avian to human. Establishment of multiple genotypes of H9N2 variants in this region contributes to the emergence of novel H7N9 and H10N8 viruses which caused human fatalities. Recent increasing human infection with H9N2 virus in China highlights the necessity to closely monitor the interspecies transmission events. Available human H9N2 sequences revealed that Y280/G9 lineage was responsible for the most of human cases. Presence of adaptive mutations beyond the human‐like receptor binding was indicative of the capacity of readily infecting new hosts without prior adaptation. Moreover, enlarged host range of H9N2 virus in this region substantially increased the transmission among mammals. Meanwhile, serological surveys implied human was more susceptible to H9N2 infection, compared with panzootic H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza virus. Thus, control at the source will be the ultimate and effective option for H9N2 pandemic preparedness. This review comprehensively summarized recent updates on H9N2 human infections, aiming to shed light on the prevention strategies against this strain with pandemic potential. 相似文献
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The continuing outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in Asia and Africa have caused worldwide concern because of the high mortality rates in poultry, suggesting its potential to become a pandemic influenza virus in humans. The transmission route of the virus among either the same species or different species is not yet clear. Broilers and BABL/c mice were inoculated with the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus isolated from birds. The animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL 106.83 TCID50 of H5N1 virus oronasally, intraperitoneally and using eye drops. The viruses were examined by virological and pathological assays. In addition, to detect horizontal transmission, in each group, healthy chicks and mice were mixed with those infected. Viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and blood of the infected mice and chickens. Virus antigen was not detected in the spleen, kidney or gastrointestinal tract, but detected by Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) assay in the brain, liver and lung without degenerative change in these organs (in the group inoculated using eye drops. The detection results for mice inoculated using eye drops suggest that this virus might have a different tissue tropism from other influenza viruses mainly restricted to the respiratory tract in mice. All chicken samples tested positive for the virus, regardless of the method of inoculation. Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses are highly pathogenic to chickens, but its virulence in other animals is not yet known. To sum up, the results suggest that the virus replicates not only in different animal species but also through different routes of infection. In addition, the virus was detection not only in the respiratory tract but also in multiple extra‐respiratory tissues. This study demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection in mice can cause systemic disease and spread through potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts. 相似文献
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H9N2亚型禽流感病毒已在世界范围内的禽类中分离确认,并被证实可以传播到人类和低等哺乳类动物。对于它存在的潜在危害已经越来越多地受到关注,相关的研究也相继开展。许多遗传进化的分析为禽或猪流感可以直接感染人提供了证据,通过在人体的适应或与人流感病毒基因重组,可以形成新的病毒株,引起人类流感疫情暴发。文章提示应当密切监控H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,防止人类流感大流行。 相似文献
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本研究从广东省某猪场采集37份疑似猪流感症状的猪鼻拭子样品,接种于9日龄SPF鸡胚并收集尿囊液,通过血凝试验、血凝抑制试验和RT-PCR鉴定,分离得到一株猪流感病毒,经RT-PCR分别扩增8个基因片段,进行基因测序及序列分析,与GenBank收录的参考毒株比对并构建进化树。结果显示,分离毒株为H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,将其命名为A/swine/Guangdong/2/2018（H1N1）。遗传进化分析显示,分离株8个片段的核酸序列与A/swine/Guangdong/L3/2009（H1N1）对应序列的同源性均达99%以上,与经典型H1N1亚型猪流感病毒处于同一分支。分离毒株HA的裂解位点为PSIQSR↓GL,符合低致病性流感病毒分子特征。HA基因受体位点为190D、225G和226Q,表明本毒株既可以结合SAα-2,6-Gal型人类流感病毒SA受体,也有结合SAα-2,3-Gal型禽类流感病毒SA受体的可能,在28、40、104、304、498、557位氨基酸处有6个潜在糖基化位点;NA蛋白在50、58、63、68、98、146、235位氨基酸处有6个潜在糖基化位点,NA蛋白氨基酸序列活性中心位点为119E、199D、223I、275H、293R、295N,氨基酸分析位点未出现突变,表明本分离株对神经氨酸酶抑制剂类药物的敏感性较高,但在M2蛋白中,31位氨基酸由敏感型的（S）突变为抗药的（N）,提示可能对金刚烷胺类药物产生耐药性。开展猪流感病毒分离鉴定与遗传进化分析将为广东地区的猪流感流行和变异情况提供重要信息。 相似文献
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Song JM Lee YJ Jeong OM Kang HM Kim HR Kwon JH Kim JH Seong BL Kim YJ 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,130(3-4):268-276
The prevalence and continuous evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry have necessitated the use of vaccines in veterinary medicine. Because of the inadequate growth properties of some strains, additional steps are needed for producing vaccine seed virus. In this study, we generated three H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses using a total cDNA plasmid-transfection system, as an alternative strategy for developing an avian influenza vaccine for animals. We investigated the vaccine potency of the reassortant viruses compared with the existing vaccine strain which was adapted by the 20th serial passages in embryonated eggs with A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 (H9N2). The H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses, containing the internal genes of the high-yielding PR8 strain and the surface gene of the A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 strain, could be propagated in eggs to the same extent as existing vaccine strain without additional processing. Similar to vaccine strain, the H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in chickens and prevented virus shedding and replication in multiple organs in response to homologous infection. However, due to the continuing evolution and increasing biologic diversity of H9N2 influenza in Korea, the vaccine provided only partial protection against currently isolates. Taken together, our results suggest that the H9N2/PR8 reassortant virus can be used as a seed virus for avian influenza vaccines in poultry farm. Considering the constant genetic changes in H9 strains isolated in Korea, this reverse genetic system may offer a prompt and simple way to change the vaccine seed virus and mitigate the impact of unexpected influenza outbreaks. 相似文献
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对南京市首例甲型H1N1(2009)病毒进行细胞分离,获得一株具有较高血凝活性的病毒,命名为A/Nanjing/1/2009。在全基因组测序的基础上,对分离株的血凝素基因(haemagglutinin,HA)的遗传特征进行了详细研究。分离株HA蛋白不具有多碱基HA裂解位点,具有低致病性流感病毒特点。与参考株A/California/04/2009相比,分离株A/Nanjing/1/2009HA蛋白的有5个氨基酸发生了突变,其中一个位于Ca抗原位点208位氨基酸(R→K),这一突变虽然还不会影响抗原性的改变,但预示了新甲型H1N1(2009)抗原漂移的启动。分离株有5个潜在糖基化位点,这与近年来古典猪H1N1和北美三源重配猪H1病毒完全一致,保留了古典猪H1病毒的特点。与禽H1病毒相比,分离株HA蛋白受体结合位点上的190(E→D)和225(G→D)位点发生突变,这可能成为新甲型H1N1(2009)在人际间传播的一个重要分子基础。此外,其它受体结合位点上相关氨基酸同时具有人和猪流感病毒的特点。本研究对南京市早期流行的甲型H1N1(2009)流感病毒的HA蛋白的分子遗传特征进行了详细研究,对进一步监测病原变异具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
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2015年,从安徽合肥某养鸡场分离出一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）,命名为HF株。该毒株鸡胚半数感染量（EID50）为109.17/0.1 mL,最小致死量的平均死亡时间（MDT）为87 h。对其HA基因分析发现,其氨基酸裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;HA基因的遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株属于h9.4.2.5谱系,符合当前毒株流行趋势。将HF株与2006-2018年分离自全国各地的10株H9N2亚型AIV分离株同时制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,制备阳性血清,通过交叉血凝抑制试验分析病毒抗原性,结果显示HF株与2014年之前毒株抗原相关性介于0.50~0.56之间,与2014年及之后毒株抗原相关性介于0.89~1.00之间,表明该分离株与2014年之后的流行毒株具有良好的抗原相关性。用0.2%甲醛灭活HF株病毒液,其HA效价在灭活前后未发生变化;用灭活抗原制备油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d HI抗体效价几何平均值达到9.0log2以上,可使免疫鸡完全抵抗H9亚型AIV的感染,提供100%的攻毒保护。研究结果表明,HF株具有良好的免疫原性,可作为疫苗候选株用于H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的研制。 相似文献
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对反转录－聚合酶链反应扩增克隆的Ｈ７亚型禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）Ａ／Ａｆｒｉ．Ｓｔａｒ／Ｅｎｇ－Ｑ／９８３／７９／（Ｈ７Ｎ１）的血凝素（ＨＡ）基因进行了核苷酸序列分析。结果,克隆的ＨＡ基因共１７０７ｂｐ,包括完整的阅读框架;同源性分析表明该毒株起源于欧亚群系;ＨＡ裂解位点只有一个碱性氨基酸,显示典型的低致病力特征。Ｈ７亚型ＡＩＶＨＡ基因的克隆成功为分子诊断和基因工程疫苗的研制奠定了基础。 相似文献
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CHENG Yi TIAN Hui ZHANG Ya XUE Jingjing SHENG Dongbei LIU Wujie WANG Wanbing ZHANG Pantao TIAN Kegong 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(9):2945-2952
In 2015,an H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) strain was isolated from a chicken farm in Hefei,Anhui,and named HF strain.The results of the chicken embryo proliferation characteristics study showed that the half infection rate of chicken embryo (EID50) was 109.17/0.1 mL,and the mean time to death for minimum lethal dose(MDT) was 87 h.The analysis result of HA gene showed that its amino acid cleavage site was located in RSSR↓GLF,which accorded with the characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza.The genetic evolution analysis of HA gene revealed that the isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage,which accorded with the current virus strain epidemic characteristics.The HF strain was prepared with 10 H9N2 subtype AIV isolates which isolated from all over the country from 2006 to 2018 to prepare inactivated vaccines,immunize SPF chickens,prepare positive sera,and analyze the virus antigenicity by cross hemagglutination inhibition test.The results showed that the correlation between the HF strain and the virus antigens before 2014 and was between 0.50-0.56,and the virus antigen correlation after 2014 was 0.89-1.00.This showed that the isolate had good antigenic correlation with epidemic strains in recent years.Inactivate HF strain virus solution with 0.2% formaldehydel,and its HA titer did not change before and after inactivation.After the inactivated virus solution was prepared into an oil emulsion inactivated vaccine to immunize SPF chickens,21 days after immunization,the average value of the HI antibody titer reached 9.0log2.It could make immune chicken completely resistant to H9 subtype AIV infection and provide 100% protection from challenge.The above research results showed that the HF strain had good immunogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate strain for the prevention of H9N2 subtype AIV. 相似文献
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The last highly pathogenic outbreak of avian influenza in the United States was caused by an H5N2 influenza virus in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1983-84. Through a combined federal and state eradication effort, the outbreak was controlled. However, in 1986-89, multiple H5N2 viruses were isolated from poultry farms and the live bird markets (LBMs) in the United States. To determine the epidemiologic relationships of these viruses, the complete coding sequence of the nonstructural gene and the hemagglutinin protein subunit 1 of the hemagglutinin gene was determined for 11 H5N2 viruses and compared with previously available influenza sequences. The H5N2 isolates from 1986-89 were all closely related to the isolates from the 1983-84 Pennsylvania outbreak by nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis for both genes, providing additional evidence that the Pennsylvania/83 (PA/83) virus lineage was not completely eradicated. The PA/83 lineage also had a large number of unique amino acid changes not found in other avian influenza viruses, which was suggestive that this lineage of virus had been circulating in poultry for an extended period of time before the first isolation of virus in 1983. High substitution and evolutionary rates were measured by examining the number of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions over time as compared with the index case, CK/PA/21525/83. These rates, however, were similar to other outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry. This study provides another example of the long-term maintenance and evolution of influenza viruses in the U.S. LBMs and provides further evidence of the connection of the LBMs and the Pennsylvania 1983 H5N2 outbreak. 相似文献
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为研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的抗药机制,本研究选取Clade2.3.4亚群中一株对金刚烷胺敏感的人源AIV A/Guangxi/1/2005(H5N1)(S-GX05),用抗流感病毒药物金刚烷胺对其进行定向诱导,筛选出一株抗药性病毒株,命名为R-A/Guangxi/1/2005(R-GX05)。通过全基因测序并与S-GX05全基因序列进行对比,结果显示S-GX05只在其M2蛋白中有一个氨基酸位点发生突变,即A30P;抗药性鉴定这两株病毒的半数药物抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.9μM和48.9μM,表明R-GX05对金刚烷胺表现出一定程度的抗性。动物实验证实,这两株病毒对BALB/c小鼠的致病性基本一致,均表现出高致病性,其MLD50分别为4.7 log10 EID50和5.0 log10 EID50,两株病毒在小鼠体内各组织脏器中的分布及增殖能力也基本相同。这些结果表明,S-GX05在药物压力下产生抗药性后,并未引起其它生物学特性的改变。A30P的发现为进一步从分子水平上研究H5N1亚型AIV的抗药机制及新型抗流感新药的研发奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Said AW Kodani M Usui T Fujimoto Y Ito T Yamaguchi T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(4):545-548
Embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) are routinely used to isolate equine influenza virus. Propagation of the virus in ECEs results in selection of variants. In the present study, we determined nucleotide sequences of entire coding regions of parent A/equine/Tottori/1/07 (H3N8) and its derivatives that have different passage histories in ECE. After 12 passages, nucleotide sequence analysis predicted 3 amino acid substitutions in hemagglutinin (HA; 2 in HA1 and 1 in HA2). The two amino acid substitutions in HA1 were located in the vicinity of the cell receptor-binding site. Three other amino acid substitutions were predicted in internal proteins, 1 in the M1, 1 in the NP and 1 in the PA. This is the first report showing mutations in the internal protein genes of equine influenza virus associated with adaptation to ECE. 相似文献
19.
H3N2犬流感病毒(canine influenza virus, CIV)已在中国多地的犬群中流行,是禽流感跨宿主感染并形成新分支的近期案例。研究表明,PA-X基因与甲型流感病毒适应新宿主的能力相关,且其长度能够影响甲型流感病毒的复制及致病能力。为了解PA-X基因的长度变化对H3N2 CIV复制能力及致病力的影响,本研究利用H3N2 CIV的8质粒操作系统,拯救了三株重组H3N2 CIV毒株：PA-X基因表达大小为232个氨基酸多肽的亲本病毒CIV＿PA-X＿232;对PA编码区第191、192位氨基酸的密码子进行改造,PA-X基因不表达蛋白的重组病毒CIV＿PA-X＿Knock;对PA+1编码区第232位氨基酸进行突变,PA-X基因表达大小为252个氨基酸多肽的重组病毒CIV＿PA-X＿252。通过比较3株重组病毒的聚合酶活性,在MDCK细胞中的复制效率及对小鼠致病性的差异,来评价表达不同长度的PA-X基因对H3N2 CIV的影响。结果显示,CIV＿PA-X＿252和CIV＿PA-X＿Knock的聚合酶活性显著(P<0.05)高于CIV＿PA-X＿232,且CIV＿PA-X＿... 相似文献
20.
Zoonotic agents challenging the world every year afresh are influenza A viruses. In the past, human pandemics caused by influenza A viruses had been occurring periodically. Wild aquatic birds are carriers of the full variety of influenza virus A subtypes, and thus, most probably constitute the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses. Whereas avian influenza viruses in their natural avian reservoir are generally of low pathogenicity (LPAIV), some have gained virulence by mutation after transmission and adaptation to susceptible gallinaceous poultry. Those so-called highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) then cause mass die-offs in susceptible birds and lead to tremendous economical losses when poultry is affected. Besides a number of avian influenza virus subtypes that have sporadically infected mammals, the HPAIV H5N1 Asia shows strong zoonotic characteristics and it was transmitted from birds to different mammalian species including humans. Theoretically, pandemic viruses might derive directly from avian influenza viruses or arise after genetic reassortment between viruses of avian and mammalian origin. So far, HPAIV H5N1 already meets two conditions for a pandemic virus: as a new subtype it has been hitherto unseen in the human population and it has infected at least 438 people, and caused severe illness and high lethality in 262 humans to date (August 2009). The acquisition of efficient human-to-human transmission would complete the emergence of a new pandemic virus. Therefore, fighting H5N1 at its source is the prerequisite to reduce pandemic risks posed by this virus. Other influenza viruses regarded as pandemic candidates derive from subtypes H2, H7, and H9 all of which have infected humans in the past. Here, we will give a comprehensive overview on avian influenza viruses in concern to their zoonotic potential. 相似文献