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为了解涉及我国动物卫生领域的WTO SPS通报情况,分析其特点和发展趋势,对2020年上半年全球动物卫生相关技术贸易措施总体情况进行了汇总分析。2020年上半年全球提交的动物卫生领域SPS通报数量大幅上升,比2019年同期增加了42%,尤其是贸易禁令类通报增加更为显著,增加了2倍;提交通报的国家或地区更为广泛,既有美国、日本、新西兰等发达国家及欧盟,也有俄罗斯、泰国、哥伦比亚等发展中国家;通报的内容主要涉及COVID-19,其次是非洲猪瘟、高致病性禽流感、马梨形虫病、口蹄疫等动物卫生事件以及相关动物卫生标准。分析认为：技术性贸易措施已得到越来越多的国家,包括发展中国家的重视,重大卫生事件是全球动物卫生领域通报的主要事由。我国应加强动物产品贸易国的标准法规跟踪研究以及重大卫生事件的防控,积极参与SPS通报及评议,努力消除WTO通报对动物和动物产品国际贸易产生的影响。本文对于我国加强WTO动物卫生技术性贸易措施的应对和预警提供了参考。 相似文献
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近年来,出于保证食品安全的目的,世界各国制定了一系列动物屠宰相关技术贸易措施和卫生与植物卫生措施。为了解WTO成员屠宰法规标准的制修订动态,收集整理2006—2018年的WTO/TBT-SPS屠宰相关通报52项,以涉及拟定新措施和对原有措施进行实质更改的通报为对象进行统计分析,总结屠宰相关通报发布实施特点及发展趋势。分析发现：屠宰相关通报以SPS通报为主,TBT通报为辅;SPS通报更加关注与动物防疫相关的检验检疫措施,而TBT通报则更加关注与消费者信息相关的产品包装、标签要求;发展中成员对通报的关注度高于发达成员,但发展中成员通报的小语种问题,给通报分析带来一定困难;“全程管控”是WTO各成员畜禽屠宰管理的基本做法,反映出发展中成员也在不断提高畜禽屠宰行业管理水平,努力缩小与发达成员之间的差距;畜禽疫病风险是屠宰相关产品国际贸易关注的焦点;动物福利措施成为屠宰相关法规标准关注的新热点,越来越多的国家和地区在法规标准体系中纳入了动物福利相关规定。本研究通过总结屠宰相关通报发布实施特点及发展趋势,为提高我国动物屠宰管理水平,保障动物产品质量和国际贸易提供了借鉴。 相似文献
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（一）ALOP的概念ALOP是指WTO成员为保护其境内人类、动物的生命或健康而采取动物卫生（SPS）措施时．认为适当的保护水平。ALOP可以是定性的也可以是定量的．并且在一定时间内应保持实施的一致性．同时还应当提高SPS措施的透明度。WTO规则要求各成员应十分明确地说明其ALOP，以便允许对任何SPS措施所能达到该水平的程度进行检验。SPS协议要求WTO成员的动物卫生保护水平必须是公开的，或其他相关利益群体通常可以获得的。 相似文献
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世界动物卫生组织作为动物卫生的国际组织，它在国际动物法规和标准的制订中发挥着重要的作用，其制订的一系列国际动物卫生准则作为WTO—SPS协议推荐的国际通行标准，对全球的动物卫生工作具有权威性的指导作用。 相似文献
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一、美国SPS相关机构及工作WTO《SPS协定》(A. greement On the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)的核心内容是WTO各成员有权采取保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康所需的卫生与植物卫生措施。但这些措施必 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献