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1.
犬细小病毒编码的VP2蛋白是该病毒主要抗原蛋白。研究证实由VP2基因制备的DNA疫苗能够刺激机体产生免疫应答反应。为提高VP2DNA疫苗的免疫原性,本研究在小鼠体内尝试了利用犬白细胞介素2（cIL-2）基因增强VP2DNA疫苗免疫应答的研究。通过RT-PCR方法从犬脾淋巴细胞中分别扩增含终止密码子和不合终止密码子的cIL-2cDNA基因,然后将基因插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3．1中,分别构建成非融合的和与Myc／His融合的clL-2基因真核分泌型表达载体,pcDNA-cIL-2和pcDNA-cIL-2／MH。将pcDNA-oIL-2／MH表达栽体通过磷酸钙方法转染HEK293T细胞进行瞬时表达,以确定构建的表达栽体能否介导cIL-2在真核细胞中进行分泌表达。然后用VP2表达载体（pcDNA-CD5sp-VP2,本室构建）单注射和VP2／IL-2表达载体共注射对小鼠进行免疫（用pcD-NA3．1栽体作为阴性对照）。免疫后通过ELISA方法检测免疫后不同时期小鼠血清VP2的抗体水平,并通过细胞增殖试验检测免疫后小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖反应,用ELISA方法测定小鼠淋巴细胞γ干扰素的表达水平。试验结果表明,扩增的小鼠cIL-2基因与GenBank的参考序列一致,构建的cIL-2表达载体能够介导重组cIL-2在HEK293T细胞中进行分泌表达。免疫结果显示,利用cIL-2／VP2表达载体共免疫小鼠,免疫后35d血清中VP2的抗体水平达到1：5120,明显高于VP2表达载体单免疫组（P〈0．01）。淋巴细胞增殖试验表明,2组免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞刺激指数均明显高于阴性对照组（P〈0．01）,共免疫组的刺激指数又明显高于单免疫组（P〈0．05）。共免疫小鼠淋巴细胞7干扰素的表达水平明显高于单免疫组和阴性对照组（P〈0．01）。由此可见,cIL-2表达载体可明显提高CPVVP2基因疫苗的免疫应答水平。  相似文献   

2.
白细胞介素-12对犬细小病毒VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
犬细小病毒编码的VP2蛋白是该病毒重要的结构蛋白和抗原蛋白。利用VP2基因制备的DNA疫苗能够刺激机体产生免疫应答反应。为进一步提高VP2DNA疫苗的免疫应答水平,本研究在小鼠体内尝试了利用白细胞介素12（IL-12）基因表达载体提高VP2DNA疫苗的免疫应答水平。首先采用RT-PCR方法从小鼠脾淋巴细胞中分别扩增IL-12大亚基（P40）和小亚基（P35）cDNA基因;然后在真核表达载体pcDNA3.1A上通过引入内部核糖体进入位点（IRES）序列,分别将P40基因和P35基因插入到IRES序列的上下游,构建成IL-12（P40和P35双亚基）基因表达载体,pcDNA-P40-IRES-P35。将上述表达载体与本室构建的VP2表达载体通过磷酸钙方法转染HEK 293T细胞进行瞬时表达,以确定构建的表达载体能否介导相应基因在真核细胞中进行分泌表达。然后用VP2载体单免疫和VP2载体和IL-12载体共免疫方法对小鼠进行免疫（用pcDNA3.1A作为对照）。免疫后在特定时间通过ELISA方法检测小鼠血清抗VP2蛋白的抗体水平,并通过淋巴细胞增殖实验检测免疫后35d小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果表明,扩增的小鼠IL-12P40和P35亚基基因与GenBank的参考序列基本一致。Western-blot检测结果表明,重组IL-12和VP2均能够在HEK293T细胞中进行分泌性表达。ELISA检测结果表明利用IL-2载体与VP2载体共免疫小鼠,其血清中抗VP2的抗体水平明显高于VP2载体单免疫组（P〈0.01）,抗体水平在第35天高达1：5120。淋巴细胞增殖试验结果表明,免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞刺激指数均明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,VP2载体与IL2载体共免疫组的刺激指数明显高于VP2载体单免疫组（P〈0.05）。由此可见,在小鼠体内,IL-12基因表达载体可明显提高CPV VP2基因疫苗的免疫应答水平。  相似文献   

3.
为构建犬细小病毒VP2基因分泌性表达细胞系,通过酶切将人CD5信号肽序列从质粒中切出,将其连接到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1A的多克隆位点上,构建成pcDNA3.1-CD5sp质粒。然后再通过PCR方法扩增犬细小病毒VP2基因,并将其插入到pcDNA3.1-CD5sp载体中CD5信号肽的下游,使其与CD5信号肽序列融合,构建成VP2基因的真核分泌型表达载体pcDNA-CD5sp-VP2。经脂质体介导转染细胞,后通过G418筛选,建立出稳定表达VP2蛋白的CHO-K1细胞系。测序结果表明,构建的犬细小病毒VP2基因的分泌型表达载体结构正确,表达载体经脂质体介导转染CHO-K1细胞,通过G418加压,筛选出稳定转染VP2基因的细胞株,经PCR检测证明VP2基因已经整合到细胞的染色体中;经RT-PCR、Westernblot分别检测VP2基因表达的mRNA和VP2蛋白,证明犬细小病毒VP2基因能够在CHO-K1细胞进行稳定性表达。这为下一步研究犬细小病毒VP2蛋白与宿主细胞的相互作用及VP2DNA疫苗奠定了基础。  相似文献   

4.
为评价犬细小病毒(CPV)VP2主要抗原表位的免疫原性,本研究对CPV YZ株VP2的氨基酸序列进行分析,确定了主要抗原表位区域(VP2-228),通过PCR扩增相应的表位编码区域基因片段(700 bp),将其克隆于真核表达载体p VAX1中构建重组真核表达质粒p VAX1-VP2-228。Western blot结果显示VP2-228能够在COS-7细胞中正确表达。将该重组质粒免疫小鼠,利用血凝抑制试验检测不同时期的抗体水平,以MTT法检测免疫35 d时淋巴细胞的增殖活性。结果表明p VAX1-VP2-228能够诱导小鼠产生较高的抗体水平;淋巴细胞增殖试验表明免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞刺激指数显著高于对照组(p0.05)。本研究为开展CPV DNA疫苗的研究提供了实验依据。  相似文献   

5.
用小鼠模型评价融合表达牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型VP22基因和O型口蹄疫病毒P12A3C基因的DNA疫苗和不同免疫策略的免疫应答.用PCR方法扩增牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型VP22基因和O型口蹄疫病毒P12A3C基因,分别克隆到pMD18-T载体并测序验证正确后将其克隆到质粒pcDNA的相应位点获得质粒pcDNA-VP22-P12A3C.然后将BALB/c小鼠分成7组进行免疫.结果表明,DNA疫苗pcDNA-VP22-P12A3C诱导的细胞免疫水平超过了灭活疫苗,DNA疫苗与灭活疫苗联合免疫组体液免疫水平接近灭活疫苗组而细胞免疫水平远高于灭活疫苗组,为进一步研究VP22和P12A3C融合表达的基因工程疫苗奠定了基础.  相似文献   

6.
《畜牧与兽医》2017,(10):86-90
为了探讨鸡粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)基因对鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2 DNA疫苗诱导的免疫反应的影响,将pTriEx-4-VP2-GM-CSF质粒免疫SPF鸡,加强免疫2周后,进行IBDV强毒攻击,检测机体免疫相关指标。结果表明:鸡GM-CSF基因能够增强VP2 DNA疫苗诱导的特异性免疫反应,影响细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10的表达水平,对外周血淋巴细胞的增殖没有显著影响。这一结果提示鸡GM-CSF基因对IBDV VP2 DNA疫苗具有一定的免疫调节作用。  相似文献   

7.
分别用犬细小病毒（CPV）核酸疫苗（pVCPV-VP2）、CPV重组活载体疫苗（CAV2／CPV）与CPV弱毒疫苗对犬进行了免疫试验,以检测不同CPV疫苗的免疫原性。采用CPVELISA、CPVHI与CPV微量中和试验检测免疫犬的体液免疫水平,采用淋巴细胞转化试验检测犬的细胞免疫水平。结果,pVCPV—VP2和CAV2／CPV均能诱导机体产生抗CPVELISA抗体与抗CPV中和抗体,但是pVCPV-VP2不能诱导机体产生可检测的抗CPVHI抗体,而CAV2／CPV能够诱导机体产生抗CPVHI抗体。淋巴细胞转化试验结果,pVCPV-VP2和CAV2／CPV免疫犬的外周血淋巴细胞对ConA与CPV的刺激均出现明显的增殖反应。结果表明,pVCPV—VP2和CAV2／CPV免疫犬均能诱导机体产生抗CPV的特异性体液免疫反应和细胞免疫反应,两者所表达的VP2蛋白均具有较好的免疫原性。CAV2／CPV以及pVCPV—VP2和CAV2／CPV联合免疫犬的抗CPV体液免疫水平和细胞免疫水平均比用pVCPV—VP2单独免疫犬的体液免疫水平和细胞免疫水平高。但CAV2／CPV诱导机体产生的抗CPV特异性免疫反应仍然比CPV弱毒疫苗诱导机体产生的抗CPV特异性免疫反应弱。另外,CAV2／CPV还能诱导机体产生抗CAV-2的特异性免疫反应。  相似文献   

8.
粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）能够诱导树突状细胞的成熟和存活，并提高其抗原递呈功能，是非常有潜力的分子佐剂之一。为了探讨猪GM-CSF对猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）DNA疫苗诱导免疫反应的调节作用，本研究将表达猪GM-CSF和PCV2衣壳蛋白的重组质粒混合物（pcDNA3．1-gm-csf和pcDNA3．1-orf2）及在同一载体上表达PCV2衣壳蛋白与猪GM-CSF的双表达重组质粒（pIRES-orf2／gm-csf），分别接种于7日龄健康仔猪，共肌肉注射3次，每次间隔2周。结果表明猪GM-CSF基因能够明显增强PCV2DNA疫苗诱导的特异性体液免疫反应，提高外周血淋巴细胞（PBLC）对ConA刺激的增殖活性，增强NK细胞的杀伤功能，影响细胞因子IL-12、IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10的表达水平。但GM-CSF基因单独表达和与PCV2衣壳蛋白基因在同一载体上表达，对上述4个细胞因子表达的影响有一定差异。  相似文献   

9.
为获得可用于犬细小病毒(CPV)感染的治疗和快速诊断的单克隆抗体,从病料中分离了1株犬细小病毒,经PCR扩增VP1全基因并进行序列分析,确定为CPV-2 a型。再将VP1基因克隆到真核表达质粒pc DNA3中,构建了基因疫苗pc DNA3-VP1。用该基因疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠3次后,取抗体效价高的两只小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,经间接ELISA检测,结果获得了3株杂交瘤细胞株,该3株单抗与犬、猫细小病毒能发生反应,均不与犬瘟热病毒、流感病毒和犬腺病毒发生反应,诱生的腹水可体外中和犬细小病毒,其中两株单抗的中和效价为1∶256,1株单抗腹水的中和效价低于1∶128。结果表明,该CPV VP1基因疫苗可制备具有一定中和效价的CPV单克隆抗体。  相似文献   

10.
兔出血症病毒VP60基因真核表达质粒的构建及初步评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用pMD18-T-VP60质粒（包含RHDVTP株VP60基因）PCR扩增并酶切回收VP60基因片段,插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）中,构建真核表达质粒pcDNA—VP60,对重组质粒进行酶切和PCR鉴定;将重组质粒转染RK13细胞,进行间接免疫荧光和Western-blot检测;将构建好的重组质粒作为核酸疫苗,腿部肌肉注射免疫小鼠,采用间接ELISA法检测抗体水平;采用淋巴细胞增殖试验（MTT法）和流式细胞术（FACS）检测细胞免疫情况;采用PCR方法检测重组质粒在小鼠体内的生物安全性。结果显示,成功构建pcDNA—VP60真核表达质粒,并在RK13细胞中获得表达。重组质粒作为核酸疫苗能够诱导小鼠体内产生特异性抗体而且抗体水平随免疫次数增加而逐渐增高,在免疫后49d时达到峰值;脾淋巴细胞刺激指数和CD4＋、CD8＋淋巴细胞亚群数量百分率明显增高,且与对照组存在明显差异。经PCR鉴定VP60基因未整合到小鼠主要脏器染色体上。结果表明,构建的pcDNA—VP60真核表达质粒能够诱导小鼠产生较强的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,重组质粒对小鼠是安全的。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

16.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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