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日常健康的奶牛所产鲜牛奶具有“乳香味”，有属于生鲜牛奶固有的味道，很少有明显异味，更不会具有奶牛牛体、牛舍等杂味，也无不良特征，口感较好，香甜，无余味。但现在奶站厅在给乳品加工厂交售原料奶过程中，常常因原料奶中含有异味被乳品加工企业退回，奶农也常常因奶中有异味被收奶站退回，收奶站厅觉得冤枉，认为是乳品加工企业收购原料奶过剩，故意的找理由退奶， 相似文献
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试论我区乳制品的生产和发展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文分析了我区乳制品加工的现状，指出原料奶分散，商品率低，乳品加工规模小，新产品开发滞后，是我区乳品业存在的主要问题。指出发挥资源优势，加强科学管理，提高生产水平，控制原料奶质量，调整产品结构，正确进行产品定位，开发科技型等战略措施。 相似文献
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2013年7月份中国奶业贸易分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在我国7月份的奶业贸易中，进口继续保持较高的增长速度，而出口则继续大幅萎缩、本月全部进口乳制品折合原料奶约为1120088t，对我国奶牛养殖、乳制品加工和市场消费产生重大影响、全部出口乳品折合原料奶约为7429t。本月乳制品贸易折合原料奶净进口1112659t,我国乳制品贸易不平衡进一步加剧，7月份乳制品贸易逆差为72588万美元．乳制品出口目的地仍然过度集中，96．5％的鲜奶和全部的奶粉均出口到中国香港． 相似文献
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2007年我国原奶总产量达到3650万吨，据预测，2010年将达到5000万吨。随着原奶产量的增加，乳品市场品种单一将导致局部或季节性原料奶过剩，对奶业发展造成损害。同时，随着我国经济发展和生活水平的提高，人们对高档乳制品，尤其是干酪的需求将以每年50％以上的速度快速增长，然而，我国干酪80％左右依靠进口。因此，发展我国干酪产业，促进干酪产业化，扭转大量依赖进口的局面，具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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广西地处中国西南,虽属奶业欠发达地区,但近年来政府的极大重视,促使广西奶业快速发展。广西大部分乳品企业都拥有自己的奶源基地,部分原料奶来自收购养殖小区和个体奶牛养殖场。加工过程中一般采用高温杀菌技术,每天生产并在本地配送,瓶装奶保质期一般为24h。本文针对广西乳制品生产的质量安全现状,从奶牛养殖、原料奶运输、乳品加工、配送4个方面提出了提高广西乳制品质量安全水平的对策。 相似文献
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在食品全球化趋势的推动下，中国食品质量与安全越来越得到政府的高度重视，民众的食品安全意识也逐步增强。对于乳制品而言，获得有机认证的原抖奶、GAP认证的牧场原料奶加工的乳制品，凭借其质量安全的优势，登上乳品竞争的高端市场，价格也会随之增长。 相似文献
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《北方牧业(奶牛)》2007,(12):57
饲料价格一高再高，原料奶收购价格却涨幅很小，在第三方检测制度缺失情况下，乳制品加工企业掌握了原料奶检测权，作为乳品产业链最底端的奶农在价格上因此失去了话语权。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献