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本试验研究了不同精粗比日粮对奶牛血液pH、尿液pH、采食量及产后瘫痪、胎衣不下、产褥热等健康指标的影响。选择10头预产期相同,体重、体况相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,试验1组(CS组)饲喂以玉米秸秆为粗饲料来源的日粮,日粮精粗比接近6:4;试验2组(MF组)饲喂以羊草、苜蓿和玉米青贮为粗饲料来源的日粮,日粮精粗比接近4:6。试验结果显示,CS处理组奶牛产前、产后干物质采食量均极显著高于MF组(P<0.01),且CS处理组奶牛产后干物质采食量增长较快、幅度较大。另外,试验结果还发现,MF处理组尿液pH显著高于CS处理组(P<0.05),两处理组奶牛产前、产后血液pH没有差异(P>0.05)。此外,MF处理组产后疾病的发生率显著高于CS组。试验结果表明,围产期奶牛饲喂精料水平较高的日粮对奶牛产后的健康状况更加有利。 相似文献
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旨在研究麦秸型粗饲料在不同日粮精粗比条件下,对泌乳期奶牛和泌乳中后期奶牛产奶量及乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体和乳糖含量的影响.试验结果表明,在饲喂全麦秸型粗饲料条件下,高精料日粮能显著提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,而泌乳中后期产奶量随试验期的延长显著下降;精粗比对各泌乳期乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体及乳糖的含量均无显著影响;综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期精粗比为70∶30及泌乳中后期为40∶60时效果较好,在一定精粗比范围内,高精日粮能提高奶牛的生产性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶. 相似文献
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日粮类型对奶牛粪尿特性及氮排放的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过研究不同类型日粮对泌乳奶牛粪尿及氮排放的影响,达到减少和控制氮排放的目的,本试验选用12头体重514 kg、年龄3～5岁的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分为3组,分别饲喂粗料为干秸秆玉米,精粗比40∶60的A日粮、粗料为玉米青贮,精粗比分别是40∶60和60∶40的B和C日粮进行了对其粪尿特性及氮排放的试验研究。结果表明,日粮类型对奶牛粪便及尿液产生量均有一定的影响。粪便产生量结果为秸秆型A日粮>青贮型低精比B日粮>青贮型高精比C日粮。3种日粮的尿液产生量为C日粮>B日粮>A日粮。同时,日粮类型对奶牛氮平衡具有显著的影响,秸秆型日粮的乳氮、尿氮含量和氮的消化率极显著低于青贮型日粮低(P<0.01),粗料均为青贮玉米条件下,随日粮精料水平的提高,氮消化率和尿氮极显著增加(P<0.01),粪氮和乳氮增加不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,秸秆型日粮的摄入氮主要是从粪中排出,粗料为青贮玉米时,随日粮精料水平的提高粪氮比例减少,而尿氮比例增加,粪氮和尿氮占总粪尿氮的比例基本一致。 相似文献
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本试验以荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物.用体外批次培养试验法.选择瘤胃调控剂异戊酸(1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00mg/g).以奶牛3种不同品质的粗饲料日粮(分别以苜蓿干草、羊草、玉米秸秆为主的粗饲料日粮)为底物进行了体外培养试验.主要研究了奶牛3种不同品质的粗饲料日粮中分别添加不同浓度的异戊酸对其培养液VFA和BCP浓度的影响.其结果为:(1)试验组培养液总VFA和BCP各时间点平均值显著高于对照组(P<0.05).试验组培养液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸各时间点平均值均高于对照组.(2)在3种不同品质的粗料日粮中,异戊酸对以玉米秸杆为主的粗饲料日粮体外发酵效果作用更明显.(3)在以苜蓿为主的粗饲料日粮中.异戊酸最适添加量为5.00mg/g;在以羊草为主的粗饲料日粮中.异戊酸最适添加量为5.00mg/g;在以玉米秸杆为主的粗饲料日粮中,异戊酸最适添加量为10.00mg/g. 相似文献
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为探讨不同类型日粮和粗料对奶牛泌乳性能的影响,本试验选用12头健康荷斯坦牛为试验动物,随机分为3组,试验分两期进行.在精料相同条件下,第一期分别选用精粗比为40∶60的秸秆型A日粮(粗料仅为干玉米秸秆)、40∶60的青贮型B日粮和60∶40的青贮型C日粮(B、C日粮粗料仅为玉米秸秆青贮)为不同类型试验日粮进行试验;第二期粗料分别以干玉米秸秆(a日粮)、青苜蓿干草(b日粮)、干玉米秸秆和青苜蓿干草混合(50∶50,c日粮)为不同粗料类型试验日粮,进行奶牛饲喂试验.第一期试验结果表明:青贮玉米代替玉米秸秆或适当增加日粮中精料比例可显著提高奶牛的产奶性能,但乳脂率有降低的趋势.第二期试验结果表明:精料相同条件下,苜蓿青干草代替干玉米秸秆有助于提高产奶量和乳蛋白率,但是会显著降低乳脂率.玉米秸秆与苜蓿混合饲喂和单一饲喂玉米秸秆相比,产奶量与乳蛋白率均有所提高,但乳脂率显著降低;和单一饲喂苜蓿相比,虽然乳糖率略有提高,但产奶量和乳蛋白率明显减少,乳脂率也显著降低. 相似文献
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高品质的粗饲料可以提高奶牛的生产性能,合理的日粮精粗比更对奶牛生产有着重要的作用。研究表明,日粮中的精粗比过低,会降低奶牛采食量,导致奶牛养分摄入不足,产奶量和乳脂率降低。日粮中的精粗比过高则会破坏瘤胃内环境稳定导致瘤胃pH值降低,影响微生物蛋白、氨态氮和VFA的合成,严重导致瘤胃酸中毒,致使奶牛淘汰或死亡,降低生产效益。综合分析,探寻高品质粗饲料以及最佳的日粮精粗比是奶业发展的重中之重。本综述主要叙述粗饲料的品种与长度以及奶牛日粮中粗饲料添加水平对奶牛的健康以及生产性能的影响。 相似文献
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饲喂豆饼、亚麻饼和血粉氮源日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本实验选用9只装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊 ,随机分为3组 ,分别饲喂以玉米为基础的豆饼型、亚麻饼型和血粉型3种不同氮源日粮 ,以Cr2O3 为食糜标记物测定3种日粮下绵羊消化道不同部位的食糜流通量和进入十二指肠的各种氨基酸的流通量与组成。然后 ,在每种日粮下按3×3拉丁方试验设计 ,并按“递减法”由十二指肠瘘管灌注不同氨基酸。在豆饼日粮下分为减色氨酸(Trp)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组 ;在亚麻饼日粮下分为减赖氨酸(Lys)组、减精氨酸(Arg)组和全量组 ;在血粉日粮下分为减精氨酸(Arg)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组。测定灌注不同氨基酸对绵羊氮平衡、日增量、血浆尿素氮(PUN)和血浆游离氨基酸(FAA)浓度的影响。试验结果表明 :饲喂不同氮源日粮对绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率(Kp)无显著影响(P=0.11) ,血粉日粮的瘤胃Kp 比豆饼日粮和亚麻饼日粮高。进入十二指肠食糜的总氮和非氨氮(NAN)在3种日粮间无显著差异(P>0.05) ;十二指肠食糜中微生物氮(MN)流通量差异不显著(P=0.72) ,其中饲喂亚麻饼日粮下绵羊十二指肠食糜中的微生物氮流量和微生物氮占非氨氮比(MN/NAN)最高(分别为7.48g/d和55.71 %) ;豆饼日粮次之 ,血粉日粮最低(39.23 %)。饲喂血粉日粮的绵羊十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量高于豆饼和亚麻 相似文献
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本试验通过给奶牛饲喂不同粗饲料组合的TMR日粮,探讨日粮中不同粗饲料组合对奶牛泌乳性能的影响.结果表明,日粮鲜重的精粗比从30∶70提高到40∶60后,奶牛的干物质采食量有显著地增加（P＜0.05）.随着精料比例增加,其能量水平、蛋白含量和乳蛋白率增加.同时,蛋白含量和产奶量都有所提高.在试验二组中用青贮代替了全贮,提高了奶牛的采食量和泌乳性能.说明,奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）可以提高日粮养分表观消化率、产奶量和改善乳蛋白质水平.青贮饲料的蛋白质的降解和利用更容易被瘤胃微生物降解和吸收,从而提高奶牛的泌乳性能,取得较高的经济效益. 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献