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采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,将8只装有瘤胃瘘管绵羊分为4组;饲粮DCAB采用（Na＋＋K＋-Cl-）meq/100gDM公式计算,按DCAB水平不同分为4个处理,即A（25）、B（35）、C（45）、D（55）,结果表明：（1）各处理瘤胃液pH值均在6.21-6.94之间变动,（P〉0.05）,各组在喂后3h下降到最低点。（2）B、C、D处理瘤胃液氨氮浓度各时间段平均值显著低于A处理（P〈0.05）;B处理喂后1h、3h、5h、7h NH3-N浓度显著低于A处理（P〈0.05）;处理NH3-N浓度变化于4.47-49.67mg/100mL之间。（3）B处理瘤胃液尿素氮各时间段浓度平均值显著高于A、C、D处理（P〈0.05）。（4）各处理瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、TVFA浓度及乙酸/丙酸值各时间段平均值间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;B、D处理丙酸浓度高于A、C处理（P=0.08）,A处理丁酸浓度高于B、C、D处理（P=0.06）,B、D处理乙酸/丙酸值低于A、C处理（P=0.07）。综合考虑,35 meq/100gDM DCAB水平有利于绵羊瘤胃发酵,该组合为最佳日粮。 相似文献
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饲粮阴阳离子水平对绵羊血液指标及健康的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,动物为8只绵羊,分为4组;饲粮DCAB采用(Na K -Cl-)meq/100gDM公式计算,按DCAB水平不同分为4个处理,即A(25)、B(35)、C(45)、D(55),研究DCAB水平对绵羊健康的影响。结果表明:①随着DCAB水平升高,血浆尿素氮浓度有降低的趋势;喂后3h,D处理显著低于A、B、C处理;喂后5h,B、C、D各处理显著低于A处理。②各处理血浆TAA、钙、磷浓度及尿TAA日排出量差异均不显著,但B处理各指标接近绵羊健康指数。③肾脏、膀胱解剖结果表明,35meq/100gDM处理组织无明显变化,而45,55meq/100gDM处理有明显病理变化。试验表明,35meq/100g DM水平组饲粮有利于绵羊健康。 相似文献
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不同SC/NSC日粮对徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取4只体况良好、体重(30±2.5)kg的徐淮白山羊,并安装永久性瘤胃瘘管,按4×4拉丁方设计,饲喂4种结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例不同的日粮(SC/NSC3.52、2.06、1.28、0.84),分别为A、B、C、D组,研究徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵规律.结果表明D组瘤胃液pH值极显著低于其他3组(P＜0.01);D组瘤胃液氨氮浓度(NH3-N)极显著高于A、B组(P＜0.01);A组微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度极显著低于其他3组(P＜0.01);瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、乙酸及丙酸浓度,C组最高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);D组丁酸浓度极显著高于A、B、C三组(P＜0.01);乙酸与丙酸之比差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果表明,SC/Nsc为1.28时徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵最佳. 相似文献
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不同阴阳离子水平日粮对绵羊瘤胃内环境参数的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选用2周岁,体重为(29.00±3.36)kg,安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠近端瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羊羯羊12只.随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲给4种不同阴阳离子水平的日粮,以研究在大量饲喂玉米秸秆(占日粮70%)的饲养条件下,对绵羊瘤胃内环境参数的影响.结果表明,4种不同DCAB值对瘤胃内环境参数有影响.随着DCAB值增加,瘤胃pH值线性增加;NH3-N浓度有下降趋势,当DCAB值为20meq/100 gDM时,NH3-N浓度低于其它3个组且差异明显(P＜0.05);从瘤胃发酵结果可知,DCAB值的变化对绵羊瘤胃内乙酸浓度影响不显著(P＞0.05),但对丙酸、丁酸浓度及乙丙值有显著影响(P＜0.05). 相似文献
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选用安有永久性瘤胃瘘管的黄淮山羊6只,随机分为3组,分别饲喂3种不同水平阴阳离子平衡(A组332 mEq/kgDM、B组418mEq/kgDM、C组496 mEq/kgDM)的日粮,研究日粮阴阳离子平衡对瘤胃代谢参数的影响.结果表明:提高日粮阴阳离子水平可以有效地提高瘤胃液的pH值,在饲喂后8 h 差异显著(P<0.05);随着DCAB的增加,丙酸、丁酸含量增加,但乙酸的相对含量减少,其中试验B组乙酸(418 mEq/kgDM)最高,试验C组最低(P>0.05),试验A组丙酸、丁酸的含量(332mEq/kgDM)最低,且试验A组和试验B组、试验C组丁酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),但乙酸/丙酸、乙酸/(乙酸+丙酸)的比例却逐渐降低;氨态氮的含量随着阴阳离子含量的增加而降低,在整个采样期间变化有波动. 相似文献
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《畜牧与兽医》2014,(11):35-39
选用4只体重(55±2)kg、3岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的阉公羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮中添加纳米铜(添加量分别为:对照组0 mg Cu/kg、处理A组10 mg Cu/kg、处理B组20 mg Cu/kg、处理C组30 mg Cu/kg)对瘤胃液铜浓度、pH值及日粮表观消化率的影响。结果表明:(1)处理C组的瘤胃液铜浓度平均值显著高于对照组和处理B组(P<0.05);(2)瘤胃液铜浓度与瘤胃pH呈高度正相关(P<0.01),纳米铜有提高瘤胃液pH的趋势,处理C组的瘤胃液pH平均值显著高于对照组(P>0.05);(3)瘤胃液铜浓度与日粮OM的表观消化率呈高度负相关(P<0.05),处理C组CP、EE的表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。根据试验结果推断,添加纳米铜低于30 mg/kg时不会影响日粮表观消化率。 相似文献
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选择12头泌乳盛期、体况相近的荷斯坦牛,采用随机区组设计分成四个处理组,每组3头,A组日粮阴阳离子差(DCAB)值为20mEq/100gDM,B组DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM,C组DCAB值为30mEq/100gDM,D组DCAB值为40mEq/100gDM,研究DCAB对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响。试验期为21d。结果表明:高DCAB水平的日粮明显提高奶牛的生产性能。B组、C组、D组平均产奶量分别比A组提高了7.17%、5.58%和1.22%;DCAB值对乳蛋白、乳脂和总乳固形物含量无影响。其中B组日粮DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM时效果最佳。 相似文献
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为了研究不同日粮阴阳离子差对泌乳盛期奶牛血液酸碱平衡的影响,本试验选择12头泌乳盛期体重、年龄、胎次、产奶量相似的荷斯坦牛,采用随机区组设计分成四组,分别饲喂四组不同DCAB值日粮,A组(对照组)DCAB值为20mEq/100gDM,B组DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM,C组DCAB值为30mEq/100gDM,D组DCAB值为40mEq/100gDM,试验期为21d。结果表明:增加日粮DCAB值可明显增强奶牛血液的缓冲能力和运氧能力,奶牛血液pH和实际碳酸氢盐含量随日粮DCAB值的升高而增加(P0.05)。动脉血CO2分压A组与B组之间没有显著差异(P0.05),而与C组、D组之间有显著差异(P0.05);动脉血O2分压、CO2总量、碱超、氧饱和度则随日粮DCAB值的升高先增加后减少,其中试验B组、C组、D组的血液CO2总量和碱超较对照组A组增加,均达到了显著水平(P0.05)。奶牛血糖和血液尿素氮在一定范围内随着日粮DCAB值的增加而增加,试验B组、C组均与试验A组差异显著(P0.05)。 相似文献
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研究3种过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃代谢的影响。选择4只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊(平均体质量42kg),采用4×4拉丁方试验设计方法,以基础日粮组为对照组,在试验组日粮中分别添加40g脂肪酸钙、植物脂肪粉和硬脂肪粉,采集瘤胃液测定氨态氮、pH和挥发性脂肪酸。结果表明:1)饲喂3种过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃氨态氮浓度没有显著影响。2)饲喂后pH呈现先下降后上升的总体趋势,对照组pH比试验组高,但各处理对绵羊瘤胃液pH的影响不显著,以添加脂肪酸钙和植物脂肪粉效果较好。3)各组试验羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度及乙酸/丙酸的变化规律基本相同;对瘤胃乙酸浓度没有显著影响;添加植物脂肪粉组丙酸浓度最高,与硬脂肪粉组差异显著;硬脂肪粉组丁酸浓度比对照组和脂肪酸钙组高,差异显著;硬脂肪粉组乙酸/丙酸值显著高于其他各组。绵羊日粮中添加40g过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃氨态氮浓度、pH和乙酸浓度没有显著影响,对丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值有显著影响。 相似文献
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饲喂燕麦-箭筈豌豆捆裹青贮对绵羊瘤胃pH与氮代谢参数的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
选用6只装有永久瘤胃瘘管的羯羊作为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究了A(100%燕麦—箭筈豌豆捆裹青贮料,简称青贮料),B(80%青贮料+20%玉米)和C(63%青贮料+37%玉米)3种饲粮处理对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响。结果表明,瘤胃液pH值为A>B>C,但A的瘤胃液总氮含量平均值显著低于处理C(P<0.05);除食前1 h处理间NH3-N浓度差异接近显著(P=0.085)外,其他时段A,B和C差异显著或不显著(P<0.05或P>0.05);瘤胃液中尿素氮仅B和C食后8 h的测值和平均值显著(P<0.01或P<0.05)高于A;C的瘤胃液蛋白氮含量平均值显著高于A(P<0.05),但3种处理差异不显著。因此,3种饲粮试羊的瘤胃液pH值和微生物蛋白合成状况间没有显著差异。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献