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家畜的选择性采食对草地植物的反应 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
在放牧生态系统中，家畜和草地植物共同组成了草地放牧生态系统中的采食者与被采食者，两者的关系是极其复杂的，家畜的选择性采食促进了植物抗牧性的发展，而植物抗牧性的发展又进一步强化了家畜的选择性采食习性，家畜和植物成为一个事物不可缺少的两个方面。 相似文献
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草地畜牧业可持续发展刍议 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
维护草地生态系统的生物多样性是草地畜牧业持续发展的前提条件。放牧家畜作为草地生态系统中的一员,与牧草植物相互竞争、相互适应,协同进化,共同维持着草地生态系统的生物多样性。适度的放牧活动调节着不同植物间的相互关系,使草地维持着较高的生物多样性和一定的稳定性。过度放牧则破坏草地植被,草地的生物多样性和稳定性下降。家畜的放牧采食活动有利于某些植物的生长发育。在最优放牧强度下,由于草地植物的补偿性生长,特别是植物的超补偿性生长,家畜的放牧采食活动不仅不会导致草地初级生产力的下降,反而能够促进草地初级生产力的增长,使之高于未放牧时的初级生产力。在自然放牧生态系统中,如果牧食压力维持在未放牧前植物生产量的一半左右,植物和动物种群就会出现周期性的波动,而如果牧食压力过高,则植物种群和动物种群将会下降和崩溃。综上所述,草地畜牧业的持续发展,应立足于合理调整草地载畜量,使之与草地生产力相匹配,并大力发展季节畜牧业。 相似文献
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放牧制度和放牧强度对家畜生产性能的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文作者就本世纪６０年代以来放牧制度和放牧强度对家畜放牧行为，采食植物组成和生产性能影响进行综述，阐明了不同草地状况，不同植被条件，放牧制度和放牧强度下各种家畜采食行为，植物组成及生产性能方面的变化。 相似文献
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草地枯落物是连接放牧生态系统中“土—草”界面的主要媒介,是调控地上-地下生态过程的关键因子,对草地物种多样性、生产力、退化草地恢复等具有重要意义。一方面,家畜的采食、践踏、排泄物等减少枯落物积累和加速其分解,且与放牧强度、制度、季节、家畜种类联合响应;另一方面,枯落物影响家畜的选择性采食、蹄压等行为,为微生物和小草食动物生命活动提供有利场所及能量,进而影响草地生态系统结构及功能。枯落物也能够改变土壤理化性质和物质循环,产生化感物质,影响种子发芽、幼苗生长,导致草地群落构建和演替。本研究综述了国内外相关文献,探讨放牧生态系统中的枯落物及其作用,旨在明确草地生态系统中“放牧-枯落物-土壤-绿色植物”之间的相互作用机制,为后续草地可持续性管理研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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本文介绍了目前广泛运用于草地放牧研究中的食道瘘管法的发展、食道瘘管手术及护理、食道瘘管样的制取、食道瘘管样品用于放牧家畜采食的营养成分、植物成分、采食量和消化率方面的测定，以及与其它常用的方法——放牧前后样方测定法、扣笼与未扣笼双样方法和模拟家畜采食采摘法对放牧家畜采食的营养成分、植物成分、采食量和消化率测定的比较，认为代表放牧家畜真实采食日粮的食道疹管样在以上各项指标的测定中都优于其它测定方法所得到的样品，更能代表放牧家畜的实际采食习性。 相似文献
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放牧生态系统家畜牧食行为研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
家畜牧食行为包括采食、反刍,游走,饮水,卧息和排泄粪尿,其中采食和反刍是两大主要行为。本文介绍了放牧家畜与牧草间的相互关系,放牧通过采食牧草,降低牧草光合叶面积指数而影响牧草生长发育。放牧作为一种人为干预,影响植被组成和群落结构,高放牧压力下,导致草地退化。在放牧情况下,牧草具有避牧和耐牧两种生存策略。由于放牧草地物种多样,家畜选择采食适口性高的植物或植物组成部分。介绍了国内外计算采食量的各种方法,包括计算放牧前后草地牧草生物量,通过内外源标记物计算排粪量或通过采食时间,单口采食率、单口采食量来计算采食量。家畜采食成分的测定一直以来都是难点,有直接观测法、瘤胃内容物或粪便镜检法、瘤胃瘘管法和炼烷烃技术等。 相似文献
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松嫩草地家畜放牧生态学的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
放牧生态学是目前国际最活跃的研究领域之一,其研究意义在于：放牧生态学所涉及的主要实验与理论研究,是草地放牧系统中动物、植物界面上的关键问题,放牧作为动物与植物生产的一个关键因素,通过采食影响草地植被结构,决定草地资源转化效率,并且达到动物与植物之间的协同进化;它是实际草地放牧管理技术的理论基础,例如,以家畜采食行为研究制定放牧策略与制度。 相似文献
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草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的一个重要组成部分,在全球变化和生态系统功能方面发挥着重要的作用.综述了我国草地的利用现状和问题,并就草地的主要利用方式——放牧对草地生态系统中植物、土壤和家畜的影响进行了总结,提出适度放牧可以有效促进草地生产力的提高和生物多样性的维持.在草地管理过程中,控制适宜的载畜率是当前草地畜牧业发展的关键. 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献