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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2015,(17)
为了阐明大通牦牛肺气-血屏障超微结构的发育学特点,研究其是否存在高原低氧环境适应的独特性,试验选取1日龄、30日龄、180日龄及成年大通牦牛作为研究对象,并以平原黄牛作为对照,利用透射电镜方法观察肺气-血屏障的组织学特点,并测量肺气-血屏障的算术平均厚度,并进行量分析。结果表明:大通牦牛肺气-血屏障的算术平均厚度在出生时最厚,随着年龄的增长不断变薄,到成年时又略有增厚。而同年龄段大通牦牛和平原黄牛相比,则表现为出生时大通牦牛肺气-血屏障的算术平均厚度大于平原黄牛肺气-血屏障的算术平均厚度,且差异显著(P0.05);从30日龄到成年,大通牦牛肺气-血屏障的算术平均厚度均比平原黄牛肺气-血屏障的算术平均厚度薄,且差异显著(P0.05)。说明大通牦牛肺气-血屏障的这种特点是其对高原低氧环境适应的一种组织学特点。 相似文献
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利用透射电镜和计算机图像分析系统对1日龄、30日龄、180日龄和成年4个年龄组的高原牦牛肺泡超微结构进行观测,并与同日龄平原黄牛进行比较。结果表明:不同发育阶段高原牦牛和平原黄牛肺泡壁均由扁平的肺泡I型上皮细胞和立方的肺泡II型上皮细胞组成,气-血屏障均由肺泡I型上皮、基膜和肺泡隔毛细血管内皮3层结构组成,但高原牦牛肺泡I型上皮处可见一些凹陷和空泡状结构。此外,1日龄高原牦牛肺泡II型细胞明显多于同日龄黄牛;除1日龄外,其余年龄段高原牦牛的气-血屏障算术平均厚度和调和平均厚度均显著小于同日龄平原黄牛(P<0.05)。高原牦牛气-血屏障的算术平均厚度和调和平均厚度随年龄增加不断减小,这不同于平原黄牛随年龄增加不断增大的特点。结论:高原牦牛出生后肺泡迅速发育,在超微结构方面表现出较多适应高原低氧环境的组织学结构特点。 相似文献
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《中国兽医学报》2015,(11)
运用组织学研究方法,比较成年牦牛和平原黄牛肺动脉的结构组织和形态学差异,初步探讨成年牦牛肺动脉对低氧的适应性结构。结果表明,成年牦牛肺动脉管壁直径小于200μm时,仍含有较多的弹性纤维,在直径为50μm的肺动脉管壁中,仍存在1~2层完整的平滑肌。而成年黄牛其肺动脉管壁直径小于100μm时,其管壁中含有的弹性纤维比成年牦牛直径大小相似的肺动脉管壁中的弹性纤维少,平滑肌消失或呈月牙状分布,但外弹性膜完整。成年平原黄牛肺动脉血管中膜的MT值随管径的增加逐渐减小,成年牦牛肺动脉血管中膜MT值在管径为100~200μm时最大,然后逐渐减小。至肺门部时,其肺动脉血管中膜MT值接近相等,且差异不显著。因此,成年牦牛肺动脉含有的弹性纤维比成年平原黄牛多,该结构特点是成年牦牛在高原低氧环境下维持肺动脉较好射血功能的结构基础,此外,与成年黄牛比较可见,成年牦牛50μm直径的肺微动脉仍具有完整的平滑肌层,这一现象可能是牦牛在高原低氧环境下维持较好血流的结构基础。 相似文献
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为了进一步研究大通牦牛心肌对高原低氧适应的组织学特点,选取2个海拔高度(海拔3 700,3 200m)成年大通牦牛作为研究对象,并选取同海拔高度的泽库地区成年牦牛(海拔3 700m)和海晏地区成年牦牛(海拔3 200 m)作为对照,利用组织学、免疫组织化和电镜技术对心肌组织的显微和超微结构进行观测与分析,结果显示:海拔3 700m牦牛,其心肌纤维直径细于海拔3 200m牦牛,表面积密度大于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05);海拔3 700m牦牛血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和微血管密度(MVD)均大于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05);海拔3 700m牦牛平均体积和体密度大于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05);而面数密度(NA)小于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05)。大通牦牛心肌适应高原低氧环境的组织学特点主要表现为:肌纤维直径细、表面积密度大、VEGF和MVD均较高的特点,心肌肌线粒体平均体积相对较小、NA相对较大,而体密度大的特点。 相似文献
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为了探讨1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌组织学特点及对低氧的适应,以平原黄牛为对照,利用光镜和计算机图像分析系统测定骨骼肌肌纤维直径、表面积密度;通过透射电镜比较骨骼肌线粒体的面数密度、面积密度、体积密度、平均体积等结构参数。结果显示,1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌肌纤维直径显著细于1日龄平原黄牛,表面积密度明显大于平原黄牛,差异极显著(P<0.01);1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌细胞中线粒体平均体积小于1日龄平原黄牛,并具有极显著差异(P<0.01);而1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌细胞中线粒体体积密度、面积密度、面数密度均大于1日龄平原黄牛,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,大通牦牛通过增加骨骼肌线粒体面数密度、面积密度、体积密度,降低线粒体平均体积来提高其在低氧环境中对氧的利用,并且在长期进化中形成了肌纤维直径小,表面积密度大的组织学特点。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2015,(17)
为了阐明高原牦牛肺血管随海拔升高对高原低氧环境适应的结构学特点及发育学特点,试验采用免疫组织化学染色法对1日龄、30日龄、180日龄、成年牦牛肺血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的分布进行了研究。结果表明:VEGF大量分布于导气部上皮的Clara细胞胞质和伴行肺动脉内皮细胞胞质内,在导气部上皮的纤毛细胞、管壁平滑肌内也有分布,VEGF在肺动脉平滑肌中的分布随着管径的减小而减少;在呼吸部上皮内没有VEGF分布,仅在肺泡壁有散在分布。而大通牦牛肺组织VEGF的灰度值随着年龄的增长表现为先降低再升高,山东黄牛肺组织VEGF的灰度值随着年龄的增长表现为逐渐升高,而相同发育阶段大通牦牛肺组织VEGF灰度值极显著高于山东黄牛肺组织VEGF灰度值。表明低氧能刺激大通牦牛肺导气部和肺动脉内的VEGF含量增加,从而对牦牛肺脏新生微血管的形成产生影响,这可能是牦牛肺脏能适应高原低氧环境的重要因素。 相似文献
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为探讨高原牦牛随着年龄的增长,骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量的变化规律及其对高原低氧环境的适应性。本研究以不同生长期大通牦牛作为研究对象,并以平原黄牛作对照,对生长发育过程骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量变化进行测量。结果表明,大通牦牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量从1日龄的一个相对低点,到30日龄迅速增长至一个峰值,然后再逐渐下降,至成年时,胶原纤维含量降至最低。平原黄牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量1日龄处于峰值,与其他年龄组差异显著(P<0.05),而随着年龄的增长,胶原纤维含量下降,30日龄、180日龄和成年组差异不显著(P>0.05);相同发育阶段大通牦牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维含量均高于平原黄牛胶原纤维含量,且差异显著(P<0.05)。结果提示,大通牦牛骨骼肌中胶原纤维具有适应高原环境的组织学特点,但也在个体发育过程中,不断发生改变,以满足机体生长发育的需要和对外界环境的适应。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献