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蛋白质是动物的必需营养素,对单胃动物而言,蛋白质营养实质上是氨基酸(小肽)营养;反刍动物由于具有瘤胃特殊消化生理结构和微生物消化方式,蛋白质营养更加复杂。蛋白质营养价值的评定方法是研究动物蛋白质营养的基础和前提,针对反刍动物消化生理特点,综述了尼龙袋技术、微生物标记技术、同位素法、嘌呤衍生物法和人工瘤胃等反刍动物蛋白质营养价值评定方法,这对于理论研究和实践生产具有一定参考与指导作用。 相似文献
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《饲料工业》2013,(17)
碳水化合物是反刍动物的主要能量来源,在维持动物生长发育、机体代谢和生产性能等方面发挥关键作用。碳水化合物降解生成的瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和小肠葡萄糖是反刍动物的主要供能形式,淀粉在小肠降解生成葡萄糖的供能效率显著优于瘤胃发酵生成挥发性脂肪酸,理论上将部分在瘤胃中降解的淀粉转移到小肠消化可有效改善能量利用效率,并降低瘤胃酸中毒的风险。文章主要以本课题组近年的研究进展为基础,并参考部分相关研究成果,从碳水化合物与瘤胃代谢调控、碳水化合物平衡指数、小肠碳水化合物高效利用、奶牛围产期葡萄糖营养平衡,以及基于CNCPS和CPM-Dairy的中国饲料数据库建设等5个方面论述反刍动物碳水化合物高效利用的综合调控技术,以期为提高反刍动物碳水化合物利用效率、改善动物健康和促进畜牧业高效发展提供理论依据。 相似文献
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《饲料研究》2017,(8)
蛋白质对反刍动物来说是非常重要的营养来源,同时也是维持反刍动物正常生命活动的必需物质,适宜添加蛋白质有助促进动物的生长及发育。传统的可消化蛋白饲料评价体系或粗蛋白评价体系,虽然在动物生产应用上使用具有科学合理性,但由于反刍动物有着特殊的瘤胃消化生理结构和微生物消化方式,对反刍动物而言存在很大的不足。1977年以来,基于反刍动物独特的瘤胃消化生理结构及微生物消化方式,各国纷纷提出新的饲料蛋白营养价值评定体系,各体系中新的饲料蛋白评价体系在经过长期的科学研究中不断补充完善。因此,试验就反刍动物饲料蛋白质营养价值评定体系、饲料蛋白评定技术、评定方法进展及存在的问题进行综述。 相似文献
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反刍动物小肠可利用淀粉代谢调控进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
反刍动物能量代谢与单胃动物有根本的区别,其采食的碳水化合物在瘤胃进行发酵生成挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),只有数量很有限的淀粉和其他糖类不被瘤胃消化而进入小肠。因此,反刍动物从消化道吸收的能量主要来源于VFA,而葡萄糖很少。但与单胃动物一样,葡萄糖对于反刍动物体内某些组织和器官具有十分重要的营养作用。如神经系统、肌肉、脂肪的合成和转化,某些杂合多聚糖的合成、睾丸、精子以及红细胞中的代谢都需要葡萄糖。反刍动物体内的葡萄糖主要由VFA在肝脏中经糖异生合成。虽然,瘤胃内发酵生成的VFA产量很高,然而VFA中只有丙酸才能在肝脏… 相似文献
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幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
瘤胃菌群与反刍动物机体具有紧密的共生关系,稳定的菌群结构对动物机体营养物质的消化、吸收及动物机体自身的健康具有重要的作用。调节瘤胃菌群的结构,可使机体代谢、免疫等机能发生改变。但幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群的构建呈现出复杂的变化过程,受到多种因素的影响,而随着反刍动物日龄的增加其瘤胃菌群会逐渐趋向于一个动态平衡的局面。本文旨在综述幼龄反刍动物瘤胃菌群构建过程中,母体、日粮及环境等对其的影响,为生产实践中幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理和瘤胃菌群的调控提供参考。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献