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1.
本试验旨在研究日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬对热应激下泌乳前期奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和激素浓度的影响及其机理.选用24头泌乳前期的荷斯坦奶牛(产后15～24 d),随机分为对照组A和吡啶羧酸铬试验组B、C、D.对照组A饲喂基础日粮,试验组B、C、D在此基础上分别添加铬3.6、7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d),饲养试验时间为9周.试验期内白天平均温湿度指数(THI)高于79,形成严重的热应激环境.试验结果表明:补铬可以显著提高热应激下奶牛的干物质采食量(P<0.05),添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)可以显著提高泌乳量、血糖浓度、胰岛索样生长因子-I(IGF-I)及胰岛素的活性(P<0.05).此外添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)可以显著提高发情后第1天黄体生成素(LH)浓度和发情后第10天孕酮(P4)和LH浓度(P<0.05).补铬使各试验组奶牛产后发情天数分别缩短1.85、4.00和3.84 d(P>0.05),添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)可以改善奶牛第一情期受胎率(P>0.05).由此可知,添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)能显著提高热应激下泌乳前期奶牛的生产性能,改善机体代谢及调节生殖激素的浓度.  相似文献   

2.
将胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的22头荷斯坦奶牛按分组配对的原则进行分组,每组11头,测定抗热应激预混料对奶牛的影响。试验结果表明:在整个试验期内,试验组与对照组奶牛产奶量的差值和乳脂率的差值与温度呈较强的正相关(R2=0.8805和0.7633),且差异显著(P<0.05);两组的乳蛋白率之差与温度变化无关(R2=0.0713)。在较炎热的9月份(22.3￣28.4℃),该种预混料可以显著缓解奶牛产奶量的下降(P<0.05),试验组奶牛平均每头每日比对照组多产奶1.39kg;也可以适当提高牛奶的乳脂率(P>0.05);对乳蛋白的影响不大(P>0.05)。  相似文献   

3.
本试验旨在探讨轻音乐对奶牛产奶量及血液激素水平的影响。选取产奶量、年龄、胎次、泌乳期相近的荷斯坦泌乳牛32头,随机分成2组,每组16头。试验组于早、中、晚3次给料时间各播放轻音乐2 h,轻音乐选用理查德·克莱德曼的经典钢琴曲20首,对照组常规饲喂。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。正试期当天起(0 d),每隔10 d测定单产1次并采集血样1次。结果表明,试验组产奶量在第10、40天时显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组产奶量在第20、30、50、60天时高于对照组,差异均不显著(P>0.05);整个试验期,试验组平均产奶量较对照组高1.72 kg,差异极显著(P<0.01)。整个试验期,轻音乐能提高奶牛血液中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、生长激素(GH)含量,降低血液中皮质醇(COR)、五羟色胺(5-HT)含量,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,轻音乐可通过提高奶牛血液中γ-氨基丁酸含量,促进生长激素的分泌,降低皮质醇、五羟色胺的含量,稳定奶牛情绪,从而降低奶牛应激反应,提高产奶量。  相似文献   

4.
本试验在连续3年时间里测定了上海地区热应激周期变化对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响。通过实地测定并计算分析,绘制了上海地区热应激周期变化图谱,揭示了整个热应激周期中不同热应激程度的分布状况。研究对比了自然生产环境下无热应激与中度热应激对奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响,发现中度热应激极显著降低了奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量、总固体含量(P<0.01),而且显著增加了乳中尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。在热应激周期变化研究中发现,中度热应激显著升高泌乳奶牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率(P<0.05),而且呼吸频率比直肠温度对热应激变化的反应更快、更敏感。热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量的影响取决于热应激程度,2012年整个热应激周期的热应激程度比较低,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05),但是2013年热应激程度更加严重,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量产生了极显著影响(P<0.01)。在牛奶品质中,受热应激影响最大的是乳蛋白合成量(P<0.01)。2012年和2013年2个热应激周期变化对其他乳成分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是两年的热应激周期变化都导致乳蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)和乳中尿素氮含量显著升高(P<0.05)。尤其值得注意的是,2012年热应激周期变化并没有导致奶牛采食量下降(P>0.05),而且产奶量也没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是仍然出现了乳蛋白含量下降和乳中尿素氮含量升高(P<0.05)。这表明热应激周期变化改变了泌乳中期奶牛氮代谢的途径,发生了氮营养重分配(repartitioning)现象,而且这种现象不依赖于采食量和产奶量,可以称之为“热应激乳蛋白降低征”(heat-stressed milk protein decrease syndrome,HS-MPD)。  相似文献   

5.
本研究旨在通过向日粮中添加一种离子型饲料添加剂(别名为巴尔吡尔)研究在热应激条件下对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验选择健康泌乳中期荷斯坦牛200头,采用随机区组试验设计分为对照组(饲喂常规TMR)和试验组(TMR中添加50m L/头·d巴尔吡尔),每组各100头,试验期为60d。试验结果表明:试验期牛舍THI值大于72,处于热应激环境下;日粮中添加巴尔吡尔可降低奶牛直肠温度,奶牛平均采食量提高6.46%;群体每日产奶量和单头平均产奶量分别升高9.18%和8.19%;饲喂巴尔吡尔还可降低奶牛乳房炎发病率,但乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖和非脂乳固体含量分别较对照组低1.75%、7.18%、1.94%和1.82%。综上所述,日粮中添加巴尔吡尔可提高在奶牛热应激环境下的采食量和产奶量,有助于缓解热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响。  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在研究热应激对不同泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃内环境发酵指标(瘤胃液pH值、氨氮浓度(NH3-N)以及挥发性脂肪酸浓度(VFA))的影响。选用不同泌乳阶段且胎次相近的荷斯坦奶牛18头,按照同一泌乳阶段奶牛泌乳天数和产奶量相近的原则,平均分为3组,泌乳前期组、中期组和后期组,根据实测试验期牛舍温湿指数(THI)的变化,进行热应激与非热应激的对照试验。结果表明:奶牛热应激时,各泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃液pH值均较非热应激期有所升高(P>0.05),但都在正常范围之内;热应激显著降低了瘤胃液NH3-N和总VFA浓度(P<0.01),而乙酸与丙酸的比例显著提高(P<0.01)。总之,奶牛热应激严重影响了奶牛瘤胃内环境健康,最终可能影响奶牛正常生产性能的发挥。  相似文献   

7.
该试验旨在研究热应激对不同泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃内环境发酵指标,即瘤胃液pH值、氨氮浓度(NH3-N)以及挥发性脂肪酸浓度(VFA)的影响。选用不同泌乳阶段且胎次相近的荷斯坦奶牛18头,按照同一泌乳阶段奶牛泌乳天数和产奶量相近的原则,平均分为3组,泌乳前期组、中期组和后期组,根据实测试验期牛舍温湿指数(THI)的变化,进行热应激与非热应激的对照试验。结果表明:奶牛热应激时,各泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃液pH值均较非热应激期有所升高(P>0.05),但都在正常范围之内;热应激显著降低了瘤胃液NH3-N和总VFA浓度(P<0.01),而乙酸与丙酸的比例显著提高(P<0.01)。总之,奶牛热应激严重影响了奶牛瘤胃内环境健康,最终可能影响奶牛正常生产性能的发挥。  相似文献   

8.
为筛选奶牛泌乳期系列饲料配方,试验选用30头泌乳后期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,组间差异不显著。对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C系列。结果表明:泌乳前期试验2组奶牛产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳中期试验组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳后期试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。泌乳前期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。泌乳中期和泌乳后期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组和试验3组(P<0.05)。乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可知,试验2组,即B系列饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率。  相似文献   

9.
该试验旨在研究热应激对不同泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃内环境发酵指标,即瘤胃液pH值、氨氮浓度(NH3-N)以及挥发性脂肪酸浓度(VFA)的影响.选用不同泌乳阶段且胎次相近的荷斯坦奶牛18头,按照同一泌乳阶段奶牛泌乳天数和产奶量相近的原则,平均分为3组,泌乳前期组、中期组和后期组,根据实测试验期牛舍温湿指数(THI)的变化,进行热应激与非热应激的对照试验.结果表明:奶牛热应激时,各泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃液pH值均较非热应激期有所升高(P＞0.05),但都在正常范围之内;热应激显著降低了瘤胃液NH3-N和总VFA浓度(P＜0.01),而乙酸与丙酸的比例显著提高(P＜0.01).总之,奶牛热应激严重影响了奶牛瘤胃内环境健康,最终可能影响奶牛正常生产性能的发挥.  相似文献   

10.
维生素E富硒舔砖对泌乳期奶牛生产性能及乳房炎的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本试验研究了V_E富硒舔砖对荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能及乳房炎发生的影响。选择胎次、泌乳阶段、产奶量相似的奶牛100头,随机分成试验组和对照组。在保持原有饲养管理和日粮水平不变的情况下,试验组自由舔饲舔砖,试验期90d。结果表明:试验组产奶量提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);乳脂率、乳蛋白率没有显著变化;牛奶中V_E的含量(P<0.05)和硒的含量增加;血液中V_E(P<0.01)和Se的含量(P<0.051)增加,乳中体细胞数(P<0.05)和乳房炎发病率(P<0.05)降低。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

16.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

17.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

19.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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20.
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.  相似文献   

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