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1.
抗生素抗性基因已经成为公认的环境污染物,威胁着生态安全和人类健康。抗生素在临床和养殖业中的大量应用,使生态环境中各微生物处于残留抗生素及抗药性遗传元件的影响中,导致抗生素抗性菌获得了竞争优势,破坏了微生态系统的稳定性。作者从宏观环境角度阐述了抗药性基因传播的微分子概念,通过从抗药性发展机制、抗药性引起的环境污染、抗药性对环境微生物影响3个方面进行分析,阐明环境在细菌抗药性的发展进程中起到的关键作用,同时分析环境抗药性,包括菌群生态多样性、抗药性细菌种类及传播、抗生素残留及抗药性基因传递富集的危害等。 相似文献
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多肽类抗生素(AMPs)是目前国内应用较广泛的抗生素种类之一。该类化合物不易被生物体吸收,多数以原形形式随粪便和尿液排出体外,可能会对环境和人类健康造成严重危害。本文综述了环境中AMPs的暴露情况及检测方法,揭示了其在环境中的迁移转化、降解特性及生态效应,同时介绍了其耐药菌和抗性基因的产生和去除技术,分析了该类抗生素环境安全性研究的发展趋势,提出AMPs的环境行为和生态效应研究应从多药联合使用方面及发生机理等进一步深入,未来应开发出更有效地AMPs抗性基因去除技术。本文为全面评估AMPs的环境安全性及有效避免或降低该类抗生素耐药性及抗性基因(ARGs)的传播提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Importance of integrons in the diffusion of resistance. 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
A Carattoli 《Veterinary research》2001,32(3-4):243-259
Horizontal transfer of resistance genes is a successful mechanism for the transmission and dissemination of multiple drug resistance among bacterial pathogens. The impact of horizontally transmitted genetic determinants in the evolution of resistance is particularly evident when resistance genes are physically associated in clusters and transferred en bloc to the recipient cell. Recent advances in the molecular characterisation of antibiotic resistance mechanisms have highlighted the existence of genetic structures. called integrons, involved in the acquisition of resistance genes. These DNA elements have frequently been reported in multi-drug resistant strains isolated from animals and humans, and are located either on the bacterial chromosome or on broad-host-range plasmids. The role of integrons in the development of multiple resistance relies on their unique capacity to cluster and express drug resistance genes. Moreover, the spread of resistance genes among different replicons and their exchange between plasmid and bacterial chromosome are facilitated by the integration of integrons into transposable elements. The association of a highly efficient gene capture and expression system, together with the capacity for vertical and horizontal transmission of resistance genes represents a powerful weapon used by bacteria to combat the assault of antibiotics. 相似文献
4.
本试验旨在了解近年来浙江省兔支气管败血波氏杆菌的感染情况及耐药状况,指导合理用药,检测细菌的耐药基因,探究其耐药机理.根据细菌形态、培养特性、生化试验,结合PCR法对分离菌株进行鉴定;K-B纸片扩散法检测细菌对18种常用抗生素的耐药率;设计耐药基因特异性引物,PCR法扩增耐药基因,并进行测序分析.结果显示,分离鉴定出2012-2014年22株兔支气管败血波氏杆菌;药敏结果显示,分离菌对青霉素G、头孢拉定、链霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、甲氧嘧啶耐药严重,对多黏菌素B、左氟沙星、强力霉素、四环素等药物敏感,耐β-内酰胺类药物的细菌中检测到耐药基因blaTEM.结果表明,兔支气管败血波氏杆菌是引起兔呼吸道疾病的主要病原菌,分离菌多重耐药,耐药率较高,检测到的耐药基因与耐药表型相符. 相似文献
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随着畜禽集约化养殖数量增加,兽药被广泛用于治疗疾病或作为促生长剂添加到动物饲料中,中国2010-2017年兽用抗菌药的销售量从31 500 t增长到56 800 t。兽药的不合理使用、畜禽养殖过程中废弃物处理不当以及药物经过动物机体代谢后以原形药或代谢物随粪尿排出体外是兽药造成环境污染的主要原因。兽药进入环境后发生迁移转化造成了严重危害,包括抗生素耐药菌或耐药基因的产生、兽药在动植物源性食品和饮用水中的暴露间接影响人类健康、对非靶标动物的生态毒性等。作者就兽药在环境中的暴露、转归及对生态环境的主要影响进行了论述,并对药物的环境风险评估的重要性进行了阐述,针对降低兽药环境风险的措施提出了建议,以引起人们对兽药环境风险评估的关注和重视。 相似文献
7.
Two different groups of bacteria carrying genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics may be transmitted from animals to humans via food products: a.) obligate infectious agents (enteric pathogens, e.g. Salmonella enterica spp., Campylobacter spp., EHEC) and b) facultative pathogenic species (e.g. E. coli, enterococci). Thus far, it is unknown whether genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics from these bacteria may be transferred to bacteria in normal flora of the host. The transfers of genes encoding for resistance to vancomycin from animal sources to the mucosa of humans has been suggested. Thus, there is a threat that these plasmid-encoded resistance genes may also be transferred to other gram-positive organisms present in the human flora. Vancomycin is the antibiotic in reserve for treatment of infections caused by oxacillin (methicillin) resistant strains of S. aureus and by strains of pneumococcus resistant to penicillin. 相似文献
8.
河北省犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌致病性及耐药性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为确定河北省犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的致病性与耐药性,本研究对2018年1月至2019年6月期间从河北省石家庄、保定、承德、唐山、廊坊的部分肉牛场腹泻犊牛样品中分离到的50株大肠杆菌进行了致病性试验、药物敏感性试验、毒力基因和耐药基因检测。结果显示:50株分离菌均对小鼠具有致病性,致病菌占比100%(50/50)。毒力基因fyuA、irp2、eaeA、ler检出率分别为68.0%、66.0%、34.0%、34.0%。50株分离菌均对15种抗生素中的2种及以上表现为耐药,对10种及以上抗生素耐药的菌株占比达34%(17/50);分离菌对土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、替米考星4种药物表现为高度耐药,耐药率分别为90%、90%、94%、100%。除四环素类tetD基因检出率为0外,其它耐药基因均有检出,其中四环素类tetC、氨基糖苷类aadA1、喹诺酮类gyrA、gyrB基因检测率高达100%。试验的50株大肠杆菌均具有较强的毒力和多重耐药性。本研究为河北省大肠杆菌所致犊牛腹泻病的防治提供了实验依据。 相似文献
9.
A M Durand M L Barnard M L Swanepoel M M Engelbrecht 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》1987,54(1):21-26
Resistance to 20 antibiotics of 128 Salmonella and 97 Escherichia coli isolates from various registrable farm feeds was determined. A high frequency of comparatively low levels of resistance was found in both the Salmonella and E. coli isolates. This, together with an elevated frequency of multiple resistance, indicates that problems related to an effective transfer in bacterial populations of resistance to certain antibiotics are a distinct possibility. The addition of antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracyclines, to animal feeds can create conditions for rapid selection amongst bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The numbers of resistant bacteria in the animal environment may be increased and may lead to the development of veterinary and human health problems from the possible transfer of antimicrobial resistance from animal pathogens to human pathogens or spreading in the human population of animal pathogens resistant to antibiotics. There is a need for caution in the use of antibiotics, particularly in animal feeds. Extended survey of, and epidemiological research on, farm feeds, manufacturing mills and animal production units are emphasized. 相似文献
10.
van den Bogaard AE 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2001,126(18):590-595
Antibiotic use not only selects for resistance in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the commensal flora of exposed individuals. Veterinary surgeons regularly prescribe antibiotics for food animals to treat bacterial infections just as doctors do for human patients. In addition, however, animal feeds contain added antibiotics not for therapy but for economic reasons: to enhance the growth rate of these animals. Several of the antibiotics used as growth promoters are analogues of and fully cross resistant with important antibiotics used in human medicine. As a result of this high exposure to antibiotics, the prevalence of resistant bacteria in the faecal flora of these animals is high. These resistant bacteria can be directly and indirectly, via foods of animal origin, transferred to humans and either colonize the human intestinal tract or exchange their resistance genes with commensal bacteria of humans. As the intestinal flora functions as a reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria and because many bacterial species of the intestinal flora are potential pathogens, the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in human medicine may be jeopardized. 相似文献
11.
为了解豫北地区规模化养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性及基因多态性,对分离的21株猪源大肠杆菌进行药物敏感实验,采用PCR技术对其耐药基因进行检测,RAPD技术进行基因多态性分析。结果表明:豫北地区规模化养殖场分离的猪源性大肠杆菌菌株对常见16种抗生素存在不同情况的耐药性。其中对四环素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、阿莫西林、磺胺异恶唑、环丙沙星、新生霉素、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星、甲氧苄啶的耐药率均为100%,对庆大霉素、洛美沙星的耐药率为85%以上,对其他药物的耐药率相对较低;PCR检测得到8种耐药基因的条带;对菌株进行RAPD分析得到7种不同的基因型。大肠杆菌极易产生耐药性,耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中,但耐药表型与耐药基因之间无绝对相关性。豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌感染多重耐药十分严重,严重影响了该地区猪源大肠杆菌病的诊治和预防。 相似文献
12.
Antimicrobial‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments 
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下载免费PDF全文 R. J. Adams S. S. Kim D. F. Mollenkopf D. A. Mathys G. M. Schuenemann J. B. Daniels T. E. Wittum 《Zoonoses and public health》2018,65(5):519-527
Antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria represent an important concern impacting both veterinary medicine and public health. The rising prevalence of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta‐lactamase, carbapenemase (CRE) and fluoroquinolone‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae continually decreases the efficiency of clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, the potential for zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant enteric bacteria increases the risk to public health. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of specific antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on human contact surfaces in various animal environments. Environmental surface samples were collected from companion animal shelters, private equine facilities, dairy farms, livestock auction markets and livestock areas of county fairs using electrostatic cloths. Samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae expressing AmpC, ESBL, CRE or fluoroquinolone resistance using selective media. Livestock auction markets and county fairs had higher levels of bacteria expressing both cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance than did equine, dairy, and companion animal environments. Equine facilities harboured more bacteria expressing cephalosporin resistance than companion animal shelters, but less fluoroquinolone resistance. The regular use of extended‐spectrum cephalosporins in livestock populations could account for the increased levels of cephalosporin resistance in livestock environments compared to companion animal and equine facilities. Human surfaces, as well as shared human and animal surfaces, were contaminated with resistant bacteria regardless of species environment. Detecting these bacteria on common human contact surfaces suggests that the environment can serve as a reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Identifying interventions to lower the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in animal environments will protect both animal and public health. 相似文献
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试验从甘肃肃南县某羊场死亡羊中分离出疑似某球菌菌株XCP,为进一步确定该致病菌株及其耐药性情况,进行了病原菌分离、革兰氏染色、生化试验、16S rRNA PCR扩增鉴定、小鼠致病力试验、药敏试验、毒力基因和耐药基因扩增试验研究。结果发现,该菌革兰氏染色阳性,高盐、蜜二糖、蔗糖等生化反应阳性,VP、马尿酸盐、阿拉伯糖等生化反应阴性;16S rRNA基因PCR扩增后,进行BLAST比对,结果与GenBank中的屎肠球菌16S rRNA基因序列同源性为100%;小鼠致病力试验发现,该菌株具有很强的致病性;该菌株对β-内酰胺类抗生素苯唑西林、青霉素G,喹诺酮类抗生素诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、左氟沙星,以及四环素等高度耐药,对红霉素、万古霉素、克林霉素等抗生素敏感;毒力基因Asal、cylA、acm和耐药基因TetM、ant（6）-Ⅰ、aac（6'）-aph（2"）、ermB扩增均为阳性。结果表明,该菌为屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）,具有较强的致病性和耐药性,可能与毒力基因和耐药基因的高阳性率有关。 相似文献
15.
To further identify the pathogenic strains and analyze their antibiotic resistance, the methods of pathogen isolating, the methods of Gram staining, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA PCR amplification, virulence tests, drug sensitive tests, virulence genes and resistance genes PCR amplification were used. The results showed that the strain was Gram-positive and revealed positive after reacting with 6.5% NaCl, melibiose, sucrose and etc., while revealed negative reactions with VP, hippurate, arabinose and etc.. It showed 100% similarity with Enterococcus feacium 16S rRNA gene sequence in GenBank after PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene and BLAST alignment. It was found severe pathogenicity after virulence tests in mice. The strain was highly resistant to oxacillin, penicillin G of β-lactam antibiotics and norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin of quinolones antibiotics and tetracycline, while was sensitive to antibiotics of erythromycin, vancomycin and clindamycin. It revealed that virulence factor genes Asal, cylA, acm and resistance genes TetM, ant(6)-Ⅰ, aac(6')-aph (2"), ermB showed positive. The results showed that the bacteria was Enterococcus feacium, it had a strong pathogenicity and severe drug resistance, which might be related to the highly positive rates of virulence genes and drug resistance genes. 相似文献
16.
靶向抗菌肽的设计策略与应用 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
抗生素问世以来挽救了无数生命，然而近年来抗生素的滥用越来越严重，从而导致多重耐药菌的出现以及机体正常微生物群落的生态失衡等问题，迫使人们开始寻找有效的抗生素替代物。抗菌肽广泛存在于动植物体中，具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒及免疫调节等生物学活性，且不易诱发细菌耐药性，在临床和畜牧生产中表现出极好的应用前景。为避免细菌耐药性和微生态紊乱等问题的产生，具有靶向功能的抗菌肽受到科研工作者的青睐，逐渐成为研究的热点，并有望成为抗生素替代物之一。本文对近年来靶向抗菌肽的设计思路及其在临床和畜牧生产中的应用前景进行概述，以期为将来靶向抗菌肽的开发提供新的思路。 相似文献
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The Health Council of the Netherlands has issued a report on the risk of development of resistance among bacteria as result of the use of antibiotics as growth promotors in livestock farming. The committee appointed by the Health Council conclude that the use of antimicrobial growth promotors contributes to the problem of resistance among human pathogens. The conclusions are based on evidence regarding the development of resistance in livestock as the result of the use of antimicrobial growth promotors, the possibility of colonisation/infection of humans with resistant bacteria from the intestinal flora of productive livestock, and the transfer of resistance genes from livestock bacteria to human pathogenic microorganisms. Effective measures for the limitation of the public health risk should focus on termination of the use of antimicrobial growth promotors that confer resistance to (related) antibiotics currently used (or which will be available) to treat patients suffering from bacterial infections. In addition, the committee advised ending the use of antimicrobial growth promotors in 3 years. 相似文献
18.
研究大肠杆菌多重耐药外输泵抑制基因AcrR和MarR突变对大肠杆菌多重耐药的调节机制。采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氯霉素、四环素、利福平、庆大霉素、大观霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、阿莫西林等10种药物对临床分离的33株大肠杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌的标准菌株ATCC25922的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），从中筛选出7株多重耐药菌和2株相对敏感菌，并对这9株菌及标准菌ATCC25922的AcrR和MarR基因进行聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增并克隆后测序，分析DNA序列及氨基酸序列的突变情况。耐药菌和敏感菌均发现有部分菌株发生了不同程度的点突变。AcrR和MarR同时突变将更大限度的提高细菌的耐药性。 相似文献
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犬脓皮病是一类主要由耐甲氧西林伪中间型葡萄球菌（MRSP）感染而引起的化脓性皮肤病。葡萄球菌是一种人与动物均易感的细菌，常引起各种化脓性疾病，其中，MRSP作为一种动物源葡萄球菌还会成为耐药基因贮存库，可将耐药基因通过环境或食物链传给人类。近年来MRSP造成的皮肤疾病病例大幅上升，给感染的控制带来挑战。笔者综合了犬脓皮病致病菌的抗菌药耐药性及其消毒剂抗性的相关研究，从MRSP的致病机制出发，总结了MRSP通过破坏细胞免疫系统的功能导致感染发生的相关机制，简述了多个国家MRSP对抗菌药的显著耐药性与相关耐药基因，如mecA和cat基因等，介绍了MRSP对胍类消毒剂与季铵盐类消毒剂的抗性及抗性机制，对外排泵、基因调控与抗性基因的可转移性等多种机制进行了论述，同时为避免MRSP对抗菌药与消毒剂的共同耐药性对犬脓皮病的治疗造成干扰，笔者从移动遗传元件介导的获得性抗性与依赖于细菌细胞结构的固有抗性等方面系统地分析了MRSP对消毒剂抗性和抗菌药耐药性之间的争议与联系，以期寻找一种科学合理的治疗方案，为犬脓皮病的临床用药提供参考。 相似文献
20.
大肠杆菌多重耐药调节基因AcrR和MarR突变 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究大肠杆菌多重耐药外输泵抑制基因AcrR和MarR突变对大肠杆菌多重耐药的调节机制。采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氯霉素、四环素、利福平、庆大霉素、大观霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、阿莫西林等10种药物对临床分离的33株大肠杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌的标准菌株ATCC25922的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),从中筛选出7株多重耐药菌和2株相对敏感菌,并对这9株菌及标准菌ATCC25922的AcrR和MarR基因进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增并克隆后测序,分析DNA序列及氨基酸序列的突变情况。耐药菌和敏感菌均发现有部分菌株发生了不同程度的点突变。AcrR和MarR同时突变将更大限度的提高细菌的耐药性。 相似文献