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农户冬季养鸡只注意鸡舍的防寒保暖,往往忽视了通风换气,使舍内有害气体如氨、硫化氢、二氧化碳特别是氨的浓度升高。所谓氨,是一种无色而具有强烈刺激性臭味的气体,比空气轻(比重为0.596),可感觉最低浓度为5.3ppm。当鸡舍内处于温热潮湿环境,高密度的饲养,垫草的反复利用和通风不良等情况都会促使氨浓度增高,如封闭鸡舍一般含量在4—10ppm之间,高者可达90ppm,而开放鸡舍则一般在3ppm左右。 相似文献
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农户冬季养鸡只注意鸡舍的防寒保暖，往往忽视了通风，使舍内有害气体如氨、硫化氢、二氧化碳，特别是氨的浓度升高。所谓氨，是一种无色而且具有强烈刺激性臭味的气体，它是鸡舍粪便不能及时清除，舍温较高时粪便中氨物质分解而产生的一种有害气体。氨比空气轻，可感觉最低浓度为5.3×10－6。当鸡舍处于温热、潮湿环境、高密度饲养、垫料的反复应用和通风不良等情况都会使氨浓度增高。特别是在冬季，由于气温低，鸡排出的粪便含水量大，加上鸡舍通风不良，氨气浓度较高，极易造成鸡氨气中毒。据科学测定，封闭鸡舍一般氨含量在(6～10)×10… 相似文献
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农户冬季养鸡只注意鸡舍的防寒保暖,往往忽视了通风换气,使舍内有害气体如氨、硫化氢、二氧化碳升高,特别是氨的浓度升高。所谓氨,是一种无色而具有强烈刺激性臭味的气体,比空气轻(比重为 相似文献
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试验以有窗封闭式笼养育雏鸡舍为对象,于2018年3月~2019年1月开展研究鸡舍内环境的温度、相对湿度、二氧化碳(CO2)、氨气(NH3)、硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化硫(SO2)浓度和细菌总数,并分析环境因子之间的关系。结果显示:不同季节育雏舍内环境温度满足鸡群正常需要,鸡群成活率超过97%。夏季舍内相对湿度达82.48%,并且料肉比高于春季、秋季和冬季。春季、秋季和冬季CO2浓度易超标,不同季节舍内白天温度均高于夜晚,而白天CO2浓度低于夜晚。不同季节舍内环境温度分别与相对湿度、CO2浓度呈负相关和正相关关系。试验表明:有窗封闭式育雏鸡舍内不同季节雏鸡生长发育良好,但夏季湿度过高,春季、秋季和冬季舍内CO2浓度高于标准。建议夏季应合理控制舍内相对湿度,春秋冬季注意平衡舍内的保暖和通风工作。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献