Automated identification of sugar beet diseases using smartphones          下载免费PDF全文

L. Hallau  M. Neumann  B. Klatt  B. Kleinhenz  T. Klein  C. Kuhn  M. Röhrig  C. Bauckhage  K. Kersting  A.‐K. Mahlein  U. Steiner  E.‐C. Oerke 《Plant pathology》2018,67(2):399-410

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) poses a high economic risk to sugar beet production due to its potential to greatly reduce yield and quality. For successful integrated management of CLS, rapid and accurate identification of the disease is essential. Diagnosis on the basis of typical visual symptoms is often compromised by the inability to differentiate CLS symptoms from similar symptoms caused by other foliar pathogens of varying significance, or from abiotic stress. An automated detection and classification of CLS and other leaf diseases, enabling a reliable basis for decisions in disease control, would be an alternative to visual as well as molecular and serological methods. This paper presents an algorithm based on a RGB‐image database captured with smartphone cameras for the identification of sugar beet leaf diseases. This tool combines image acquisition and segmentation on the smartphone and advanced image data processing on a server, based on texture features using colour, intensity and gradient values. The diseases are classified using a support vector machine with radial basis function kernel. The algorithm is suitable for binary‐class and multi‐class classification approaches, i.e. the separation between diseased and non‐diseased, and the differentiation among leaf diseases and non‐infected tissue. The classification accuracy for the differentiation of CLS, ramularia leaf spot, phoma leaf spot, beet rust and bacterial blight was 82%, better than that of sugar beet experts classifying diseases from images. However, the technology has not been tested by practitioners. This tool can be adapted to other crops and their diseases and may contribute to improved decision‐making in integrated disease control.  相似文献   

Spatial suitability assessment for vineyard site selection based on fuzzy logic     

Golnaz Badr  Gerrit Hoogenboom  Michelle Moyer  Markus Keller  Richard Rupp  Joan Davenport 《Precision Agriculture》2018,19(6):1027-1048

Developing a sustainable agricultural production system requires knowledge of the climate, soil, and topography of the area of interest. This is especially relevant for wine grape (Vitis vinefera L.) production. The main objective of this study was the development of a comprehensive system to aid in the selection of suitable areas for grapevine cultivation. Included in this system were several bioclimatic indices, such as Growing Degree Days (GDD), Frost Free Days (FFD), and the Huglin Index (HI) calculated over a period of 30 years using daily weather data obtained from the University of Idaho’s Gridded Surface Meteorological (UI GSM) dataset. Soil data and topographical data were also included in the system. The bioclimatic indices, soil, and topographic data were then transformed using fuzzy logic, and suitability maps with scores ranging from 0 to 1 were developed. The final vineyard-potential scores were obtained by combining the soil, weather, and topographic potential scores with a range from 0 to 1, where 0 pertained to non-suitable areas and 1 referred to optimal sites. The maps were evaluated by comparing the range of suitability scores of existing vineyards in Washington State. The evaluation indicated that 97% of the established vineyards have a vineyard-potential score that ranges from 0.8 to 1. The results of this study revealed that 11% of the total study area had a high potential for wine grape production. This study was able to successfully employ fuzzy logic to help decision-makers, growers, and others with conducting a precise land assessment for wine grape production.  相似文献   

Economic growth and nutrition transition: an empirical analysis comparing demand elasticities for foods in China and Russia     

Christine Burggraf  Lena Kuhn  ZHAO Qi-ran  Ramona Teuber  Thomas Glauben 《农业科学学报》2015,14(6):1008-1022

This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System(QUAIDS) for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing scientific evidence that increasing meat consumption, especially red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.  相似文献   

Report on the 43rd Annual Meeting of the DPG-Working Group Nematology     

Daub  Matthias  Hakl  Ulrike  Molendijk  Leendert PG  Schomaker  Corrie  Been  Thomas H  van Beers  Thea G  Jivishova  Sevda  Jivishov  Emil  Keusgen  Michael  Bluemel  Roman  Fischer  Daniel  Grundler  Florian MW  Reuther  Marie  Cappel  Sabrina  Bauer  Harald  Lang  Christian  Watrin  Cliff  den Nijs  Loes JMF  Van Bruggen  Anne-Sophie  Karssen  Gerrit  Kiewnick  Sebastian  Büchler  Urs  Roth  Irma  Frey  Jürg 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2015,122(4):189-193

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection -  相似文献   

Efficacy of Common Aquaculture Compounds for Disinfection of Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum     

Mary E. Mainous  David D. Kuhn 《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(3):262-270

Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum are important pathogens of the aquaculture industry, and thus disinfection of aquaculture systems and equipment is essential for disease control. This study examined commercially available compounds in vitro for their ability to eliminate these two species of Flavobacterium from the water. The compounds evaluated included Clorox, ethanol, Roccal, Lysol, iodine, formalin, Chloramine-T, glutaraldehyde, potassium permanganate, sodium chloride, and Virkon Aquatic. In this study, 70% ethanol, 50% ethanol, Clorox, Roccal, Lysol, iodine, glutaraldehyde, Chloramine-T, and Virkon Aquatic reduced the number of bacteria of both species to zero within one minute of contact time. Formalin and 30% ethanol also killed both species of bacteria, but required a longer contact time. Potassium permanganate killed F. columnare within one minute, but did not reduce the numbers of F. psychrophilum even after one hour of contact time. Sodium chloride was not effective.  相似文献   

Hematologic and plasma chemistry RIs for cultured Striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) in recirculating aquaculture systems          下载免费PDF全文

Oscar A. Galagarza  David D. Kuhn  Stephen A. Smith  Terry C. Hrubec 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2017,46(3):457-465

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Effect of common aquaculture chemicals against Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda     

Mainous ME  Smith SA  Kuhn DD 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2010,22(4):224-228

Edwardsiellosis is an important bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fishes. Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish, and E. tarda causes emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish and fish gangrene in various species; these diseases have considerable economic effects on the aquaculture industry. In addition, E. tarda is an important zoonotic pathogen. Thus, the reduction or elimination of these pathogens from an aquarium or aquaculture facility is imperative. This study examined a variety of commercially available chemicals for their ability to reduce or eliminate E. ictaluri and E. tarda from the aquatic environment. The various concentrations of chemicals were tested in vitro in microcentrifuge tubes with a known concentration of bacteria at room temperature. In this study, ethyl alcohol (30, 50, or 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), sodium hypochlorite (50, 100, 200, or 50,000 mg/L), n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:256), povidone iodine (50 or 100 mg/L), glutaraldehyde (2%), and potassium peroxymonosulfate/sodium chloride (1%) were effective disinfectants, as each reduced or eliminated the number of detectable organisms within 1 min of contact time. However, neither Chloramine-T (15 mg/L) nor formalin (250 mg/L) substantially reduced bacterial counts even after 60 min of contact time.  相似文献   

Proposal for field sampling of plants and processing in the lab for environmental metabolic fingerprinting     

Tanja S Maier  Jürgen Kuhn  Caroline Müller 《Plant methods》2010,6(1):6

Background  

Samples for plant metabolic fingerprinting are prepared generally by metabolism quenching, grinding of plant material and extraction of metabolites in solvents. Further concentration and derivatisation steps follow in dependence of the sample nature and the available analytical platform. For plant material sampled in the field, several methods are not applicable, such as, e.g., collection in liquid nitrogen. Therefore, a protocol was established for sample pre-treatment, grinding, extraction and storage, which can be used for analysis of field-collected plant material, which is further processed in the laboratory. Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L., Plantaginaceae) was used as model plant. The quality criteria for method suitability were high reproducibility, extraction efficiency and handling comfort of each subsequent processing step.  相似文献   

Evaluating the influence of surface soil moisture and soil surface roughness on optical directional reflectance factors     

H. Croft  K. Anderson  N. J. Kuhn 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(4):605-612

Fine‐scale information on soil surface roughness (SSR) is needed for calculating heat budgets, monitoring soil degradation and parameterizing surface runoff and sediment transfer models. Previous work has demonstrated the potential of using hyperspectral, hemispherical conical reflectance factors (HCRFs) to retrieve the SSR of different soil crusting states. However, this was achieved by using dry soil surfaces, generated in controlled laboratory conditions. The primary aim of this study was therefore to test the impact that in situ variations in surface soil moisture (SSM) content had on the ability of directional reflectance factors to characterize SSR conditions. Five soil plots (20 cm × 20 cm in area) representing different agricultural conditions were subjected to different durations of natural rainfall to produce a range of different levels of SSR. The values of SSM varied from 8.7 to 20.1% across all soil plots. Point laser data (4‐mm sample spacing) were geostatistically analysed to give a spatially‐distributed measure of SSR, giving sill variance values from 3.2 to 23.0. The HCRFs from each soil state were measured using a ground‐based hyperspectral spectroradiometer for a range of viewing zenith angles from extreme forward‐scatter (θ_r = ?60°) to extreme back‐scatter (θ_r = +60°) at a 10° sampling resolution in the solar principal plane. The results showed that despite a large range of SSM values, forward‐scattered reflectance factors exhibited a very strong relationship with SSR (R² = 0.84 at θ_r = ?60°). Our findings demonstrate the operational potential of HCRFs for providing spatially‐distributed SSR measurements, across spatial extents containing spatio‐temporal variations in SSM content.  相似文献   

Characterization of a Brazilian clayey soil submitted to conventional and no-tillage management practices using pore size distribution analysis     

Fabio Augusto Meira Cssaro  Angelo Kuhn Borkowski  Luiz Fernando Pires  Jadir Aparecido Rosa  Srgio da Costa Saab 《Soil & Tillage Research》2011,111(2):175-179

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