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1.
ABSTRACT A computer program, SAMPLE, was developed to evaluate existing and create new sampling methods for the detection of infestation foci of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida). By combining a model for the medium-scale distribution of cysts that provides the expected population densities at each position within the focus and a model for the small-scale distribution within square meters, sampling procedures can be simulated. The importance of the parameters of the two distribution models-the length and width gradient for the medium-scale distribution and the aggregation factor k of the negative binomial distribution for the small-scale distribution-was investigated by sensitivity analysis. Parameter k proved to be less important when calculating the average detection probability of a focus than were the length and width gradient parameters. Several existing versions of the statutory sampling method used in the Netherlands were tested for their performance on a standard infestation focus with a central population density of 50 cysts per kg of soil, which is small enough to use resistant potato cultivars as a control measure without noticeable yield reductions in a 1:3 year cropping frequency with potato. These methods did not perform with the desired average detection probability, set at 90%; therefore, SAMPLE was used to develop several new sampling methods for focus detection. SAMPLE is a tool to develop sampling methods on demand for every possible combination of characteristics required for use by seed and ware potato growers (recommendations for optimum control measures leading to maximum returns and integrated pest management) and by governments (legislation, quarantine, and export protection). 相似文献
2.
J. H. Heckman H. G. Zuckerman C. H. Metzger W. B. Ward John S. Gardner Frank W. Hussey Ralph W. Donaldson A. G. Tolaas K. H. Fernow E. V. Hardenburg W. G. Been Robert Schmidt E. M. Gillig E. B. Tussing K. W. Lauer K. H. Klages Brooks D. Drain H. L. Bailey J. G. Milward 《American Journal of Potato Research》1935,12(7):196-204
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4.
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Park) Fosberg) is a highly perishable tropical fruit which can be packed in sealed polyethylene bags and stored under refrigeration. The storage period between harvesting and softening was greater for fruit harvested partially mature than fully mature and for fruit which were harvested by picking or catching rather than traditional procedures. In 4 storage trials and a single shipping trial, the majority of partially mature fruits harvested by picking were still firm after 15 days although a significant proportion had commenced softening. 相似文献
5.
Corné Kempenaar Thomas Been Johan Booij Frits van Evert Jean-Marie Michielsen Corné Kocks 《Potato Research》2017,60(3-4):295-305
Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Daub Matthias Hakl Ulrike Molendijk Leendert PG Schomaker Corrie Been Thomas H van Beers Thea G Jivishova Sevda Jivishov Emil Keusgen Michael Bluemel Roman Fischer Daniel Grundler Florian MW Reuther Marie Cappel Sabrina Bauer Harald Lang Christian Watrin Cliff den Nijs Loes JMF Van Bruggen Anne-Sophie Karssen Gerrit Kiewnick Sebastian Büchler Urs Roth Irma Frey Jürg 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2015,122(4):189-193
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - 相似文献
7.
The histamine 4 (H4) receptor was first cloned and characterized in 2000 using the human H3 receptor DNA sequence. The H4 receptor has been shown to participate in various aspects of inflammation, such as chemotaxis, upregulation of adhesion molecule expression and modulation of cytokine secretion. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether H4 receptor mRNA is expressed in normal canine skin by performing an RT‐PCR. An additional goal was to determine the expression of this receptor in the colon, liver, spleen and kidney. Tissues were collected from five healthy, young‐adult pit bull dogs. Samples were immediately placed in RNAlater® solution and stored at ?20°C until processed. The amplified products in all skin samples in addition to the colon, liver, spleen and kidney (variable expression) had the expected size of 400–500 bp. The sequenced amplicons matched the National Center for Biotechnology Information published sequence for the canine H4 receptor. The study results showed that canine normal skin expresses the H4 receptor mRNA. Further studies using immunohistochemistry should be conducted to demonstrate the expression of the H4 receptor at the protein level and to localize the expression of this receptor in the skin. 相似文献
8.
Luc Baudouin Patricia Lebrun Angélique Berger Wayne Myrie Basil Been Michel Dollet 《Euphytica》2008,161(3):353-360
We applied Bayesian population assignment methods to assess the trueness to type of four populations of the coconut cultivar
Panama Tall (PNT) located in Jamaica and found that two of them presented a high percentage of off-types, while genetic contamination
was low in the two others. The PNT is the pollen parent of the MAYPAN hybrid, which used to be planted in Jamaica to control
an epidemic disease: Lethal Yellowing. The main source of contamination was the susceptible Jamaica Tall, thus increasing
the susceptibility in the resulting MAYPAN progeny. The incidence of genetic contamination seems however to be insufficient
to be the only cause of the latest outbreak of the disease. Neither the MAYPAN nor its parents can be said resistant in the
present context of Jamaica. 相似文献
9.
J. W. Seinhorst A. Oostrom T. H. Been C. H. Schomaker 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1995,101(4):457-465
Curves according to the equationPf=M (1-e
–aPi/M
) fitted well to the relations according to Seinhorst's (1993) modelPf=y
e
y
h
M(1-e
–aPi/M
) between initial egg densities of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida)Pi up to 5T
h
(T
h
=the tolerance limit of haulm weight) andPf at the end of the growing season (a=maximum rate of reproduction,M, M=different theoretical maximum egg densities). Variation of estimates ofM, due to variation of the parameters of the submodelsy
e
andy
h
for the effect of weight reduction of haulms (and, therefore, of roots) on cyst production and damage to root tissue on egg production, respectively, was small enough to be ignored relative to experimental error. Therefore, ratios of values ofM, determined in simultaneous pot experiments with different potato cultivars, are reliable measures of the relative host status of these cultivars at initial egg densitiesPi of these nematodes up to about 5T
h
. Variation between potato cultivars of growth reduction and damage to root tissue by the nematodes reduces the reliability of ratios of rates of relative susceptibility of these cultivars.The ratios between the maximum rates of reproduction ofG. pallida, pathotype Pa 3, on 8 out of 9 cultivars and one breeder's clone of potatoes and this rate on the susceptible cvs Bintje and Irene (relative susceptibilitiesrs
a
) could be considered to be equal to the ratios of maximum population densitiesM on these cultivars (relative susceptibilitiesrs
M
) (relative susceptibilities independent of initial egg density). The latter ratios were 0.59 times the first (relative susceptibilities negatively correlated with initial egg density) in one cultivar and one breeder's clone. Relative susceptibilitiesrs
a
andrs
M
of the tested cultivars and breeders clones suggest the existence of continuous ranges of both relative susceptibilities between 0.50 and 0.15 with, in a great majority of cases,rs
a
=rs
M
. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACT The vertical distribution of Pratylenchus penetrans was monitored in four fields cropped with maize, black salsify, carrot, or potato. Soil samples were collected at 21-day intervals from May 2002 until April 2003 from five plots (2 x 5 m(2)) per field. Per plot, 15 cores were taken to a depth of 70 cm and split into seven segments of 10 cm each. Within the plots, segments from corresponding depths were pooled. After mixing, 200-g subsamples were taken and nematodes were extracted by zonal centrifugation from the root fraction and the mineral soil fraction separately. In most crops, the root fraction contained more than 50% of the total number of P. penetrans. Because the ratio between the numbers of nematodes in the root fraction and mineral soil fraction changes during the growing season, numbers of P. penetrans found in the mineral soil fraction cannot be used to estimate the total number in the soil. Therefore, both fractions have to be processed to obtain a reliable estimate of the density. No nematodes were recovered below 50 cm soil depth, except in the maize field where nematodes were found at 70 cm. The optimum sampling depth for maize, black salsify, carrot, and potato was 45, 25, 25, and 35 cm, respectively. The percentage of nematodes per soil layer was independent of the sampling date, indicating that a defined optimum sampling depth will be applicable throughout all seasons. The cumulative vertical distribution, modeled with a logistic equation, can be used to estimate the sampling error when samples are collected at different depths. 相似文献