C and N turnover of fermented residues from biogas plants in soil in the presence of three different earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris,Aporrectodea longa,Aporrectodea caliginosa)     

Gregor Ernst  Anne Müller  Harald Göhler  Christoph Emmerling 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(6):1413-1420

A soil microcosm experiment was performed to assess (1) the C- and N- turnover of residues from biogas plants in soils in the presence of three earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Aporrectodea longa and Aporrectodea caliginosa) and (2) the resulting changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties when using these residues as fertilizer in comparison to conventional slurry. Earthworms were exposed in soils, fertilized with an equivalent amount of 120 kg of NH₄-N ha^?1 from: (1) conventional cattle slurry and (2) a fermented residue derived from cattle slurry, grass (silage) and maize. Additional treatments without slurry and earthworms were used as controls.There was considerable evidence that soils fertilized by fermented slurry comprised fewer amounts of readily available nutrients for microbial C and N turnover. We observed significant stimulation of microbial biomass, basal respiration and nitrification in treatments with conventional slurry, especially in the presence of earthworms. However, the stimulation of microbial activity by manure and earthworms were significantly lower in treatments with fermented slurry. Moreover, the results showed clear interactions between different earthworm species and manures. While the biomass of the anecic species (L. terrestris and A. longa) increased in both slurry treatments, the biomass of A. caliginosa (endogeic) decreased, with a significantly stronger biomass decline in treatments with fermented slurry. The metabolic quotients revealed microbial stress metabolism in fermented slurry treatments, predominantly in treatments with A. caliginosa. We conclude that particularly A. caliginosa and soil microorganisms competed for labile C sources in treatments with fermented slurry. An application of these residues as fertilizer might result in a reduction of microbial activity in agricultural soils and in a decline of endogeic earthworms.  相似文献   

Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA     

Cheng-Fang Hong  Marin T. Brewer  Phillip M. Brannen  Harald Scherm 《Plant pathology》2020,69(9):1721-1730

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.  相似文献   

Testicular blood flow and plasma concentrations of testosterone and total estrogen in the stallion after the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin     

Bollwein H  Schulze JJ  Miyamoto A  Sieme H 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2008,54(5):335-339

The goal of this study was to investigate for the first time a possible association between plasma concentrations of testosterone and total estrogen and testicular blood flow in the stallion. Correlations between these variables were calculated before and after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Eight mature warmblood stallions received 5,000 IU hCG intravenously, and four stallions received solvent only. Testicular blood flow in the left and right testicular arteries was assessed using colour Doppler sonography by measuring blood flow volume (BFV) and pulsatility index (PI) immediately before (time 0) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h after hCG administration. EDTA blood samples were collected after each examination from a jugular vein to measure plasma testosterone and total estrogen concentrations. After treatment, the BFV increased and was elevated at 1 h and between 12 and 24 h. The profile of the PI was contrary to that of the BFV throughout the study period. Following hCG, there was a biphasic increase in testosterone concentration with maxima between 1 and 3 h and between 24 and 72 h, and there was a monophasic increase in the total estrogen concentration with a maximum between 6 and 24 h. At time 0, the total estrogen concentration correlated significantly with BFV (r=0.90; P<0.05) but the testosterone concentration did not (P>0.05). The testosterone and total estrogen concentrations did not correlate with PI (P>0.05). The total estrogen concentration, but not testosterone, correlated well with BFV after injection of hCG (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the testicular blood flow volume of the stallion may be regulated by estrogens, but additional studies are necessary to investigate whether there is a causal relationship.  相似文献   

Supplementing rumen‐protected methionine to lactating multiparous dairy cows did not improve reproductive performance     

David Süss  Michael Iwersen  Vanessa Schweinzer  Erika Gusterer  Peter Kanz  Stefanie Krieger  Harald Pothmann  Karen Wagener  Michael Hoelker  Dawit Tesfaye  Karl Schellander  Ariane Helmbrecht  Claudia Parys  Marc Drillich 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(9):1265-1273

There is evidence that supplementing methionine has positive effects on uterine environment, oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate reproductive traits of cows supplemented with rumen‐protected methionine (RPM) during early to mid‐lactation in comparison with an untreated control group (CON). An additional focus was on the effect of puerperal diseases on reproductive performance parameters in RPM‐supplemented group MET and in CON. A total of 1,709 multiparous Holstein‐Friesian cows were enrolled in this field trial conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Slovakia. Cows were allocated at approximately 12 days post‐partum (dpp) to either CON or MET, the latter supplemented with 25.0 g–27.2 g RPM per cow per day incorporated into the total mixed ration (TMR) until leaving the study pen at approximately 140 dpp. The amount of RPM was calculated based on individual feed ingredients analysis and adjusted during the study period when TMR changed. Cows were monitored during the post‐partum period by vaginal examination (day 5 pp), measuring of beta‐hydroxybutyrate in blood (3, 5, and 8 dpp) and by vaginal examination, uterine cytology and measuring of back fat thickness by ultrasound (all at 31 ± 3 dpp). Compared with CON, cows supplemented with RPM did not show better reproduction performance parameters (first service submission rate, days to first service, conception risk, days open 140). Results from binary logistic regression model for the risk of conception showed that metritis had a significant effect, but the supplementation of methionine had not. Results of Cox regression analysis for the odds of conception within 140 dpp revealed only metritis and clinical endometritis as significant factors. In conclusion, supplementation of RPM had no beneficial effect on reproductive performance in this study farm compared with an untreated control group.  相似文献   

Metal accumulation and hydraulic performance of bioretention systems after long-term operation     

Björn Kluge  Arvid Markert  Michael Facklam  Harald Sommer  Mathias Kaiser  Matthias Pallasch  Gerd Wessolek 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(2):431-441

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Report on the 43rd Annual Meeting of the DPG-Working Group Nematology     

Daub  Matthias  Hakl  Ulrike  Molendijk  Leendert PG  Schomaker  Corrie  Been  Thomas H  van Beers  Thea G  Jivishova  Sevda  Jivishov  Emil  Keusgen  Michael  Bluemel  Roman  Fischer  Daniel  Grundler  Florian MW  Reuther  Marie  Cappel  Sabrina  Bauer  Harald  Lang  Christian  Watrin  Cliff  den Nijs  Loes JMF  Van Bruggen  Anne-Sophie  Karssen  Gerrit  Kiewnick  Sebastian  Büchler  Urs  Roth  Irma  Frey  Jürg 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2015,122(4):189-193

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection -  相似文献   

Predicting tree regeneration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> snag stands     

Andrea?D.?KupferschmidEmail author  Peter?Brang  Walter?Sch?nenberger  Harald?Bugmann 《European Journal of Forest Research》2006,125(2):163-179

A bark beetle (Ips typographus) infestation caused the death of almost all Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in a mountain forest in the Swiss Alps. We developed a tree regeneration model, ‘RegSnag’ (=REGeneration in a SNAG stand), to project the future amount and height of tree regeneration in these snag stands. The model combines a height-class structured tree module with a microsite-based module of snag decay and ground-vegetation succession. Microsite-specific rates of germination, mortality and height growth were modelled for four tree species (Picea abies, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus and Betula pendula) in eight height classes (from seedlings to saplings 5 m tall) and on 26 microsite types (e.g. moss, grass). Model tests with independent field data from 8 years after the Picea die-back demonstrated that microsites had a considerable effect on the development of tree regeneration on both the montane and the subalpine level. With microsite-specific parameters, the height and frequency of Picea in each microsite could be simulated more accurately than without considering microsite effects (e.g. bias of 8 vs. 119 saplings ha⁻¹ on the montane level). Results of simulations 40 years into the future suggest that about 330–930 Picea saplings per ha out of those that germinated in 1994 and 1996 will reach a height of 5 m within 30–35 years after Picea die-back. This is due to differences in seed inflow and browsing intensities. Picea and not Betula or Sorbus trees will replace the current herbaceous vegetation in these snag stands.  相似文献   

Tetradecylthioacetic acid modulates cardiac transcription in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., suffering heart and skeletal muscle inflammation     

Grammes F  Rørvik KA  Takle H 《Journal of fish diseases》2012,35(2):109-117

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Mountain forest management in a changing world     

Manfred J. Lexer  Harald Bugmann 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(5-6):981-982

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Bioindication and modelling of atmospheric deposition in forests enable exposure and effect monitoring at high spatial density across scales     

Winfried Schröder  Stefan Nickel  Simon Schönrock  Roman Schmalfuß  Werner Wosniok  Michaela Meyer  Harry Harmens  Marina V. Frontasyeva  Renate Alber  Julia Aleksiayenak  Lambe Barandovski  Oleg Blum  Alejo Carballeira  Maria Dam  Helena Danielsson  Ludwig De Temmermann  Anatoly M. Dunaev  Barbara Godzik  Katrin Hoydal  Zvonka Jeran  Gunilla Pihl Karlsson  Pranvera Lazo  Sebastien Leblond  Jussi Lindroos  Siiri Liiv  Sigurður H. Magnússon  Blanka Mankovska  Encarnación Núñez-Olivera  Juha Piispanen  Jarmo Poikolainen  Ion V. Popescu  Flora Qarri  Jesus Miguel Santamaria  Mitja Skudnik  Zdravko Špirić  Trajce Stafilov  Eiliv Steinnes  Claudia Stihi  Ivan Suchara  Lotti Thöni  Hilde Thelle Uggerud  Harald G. Zechmeister 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(2):31

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